Plutonium trichloride solution in the molten LiCl-KCl eutectic was prepared by carbochlorination of plutonium oxide. Kinetics of this reaction was compared in different conditions in the range of ...443-550 DGC. Using this molten salt solution, the redox potential of the Pu(III)/Pu couple at inert tungsten electrode was measured at 450 DGC by electromotive force measurement and was found to be E'○ = -2.76 V vs. the Cl2(g)(1 atm)/Cl- reference electrode (molar fraction scale). Reaction between plutonium trichloride and oxide ions was studied by potentiometric titration, using yttria stabilized electrodes. In our experimental conditions, the titration curves indicate the precipitation of the sesquioxide Pu2O3. The solubility product cologarithm calculated from these curves is found to be pKs(Pu2O3) = 22.8 - 1.1 (molality scale). Using the experimentally obtained values for E'○ , activity coefficient and pKs joined to the published thermodynamic data, the stability phase diagram of the Pu-O species was then drawn.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
γ9δ2 T lymphocytes are non-conventional lymphocytes presenting a direct cytotoxic effect against a broad range of tumour targets. These cells also secrete inflammatory cytokines that can boost the ...other components of the immune system. In contrast to conventional CD8
+ T cells, the cytotoxic effect of γ9δ2 T lymphocytes does not depend on the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules by target tumour cells. INNACELL γδ™ is a cell therapy product obtained by
ex vivo amplification of mononuclear cells. The stimulation is achieved by a specific synthetic agonist of γ9δ2 T lymphocytes, bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP). After a single stimulation with BrHPP, γ9δ2 T lymphocytes are expanded for 2 weeks in a closed system in culture medium with interleukin-2 (IL-2). On day 15, cells are washed and harvested in 4% human serum albumin. In this manufacturing process, the total cell population is expanded by approximately 10-fold and γ9δ2 T lymphocytes undergo a specific 1000-fold expansion, corresponding to a γ9δ2 T lymphocyte enrichment of more than 70% at the end of the culture. This manufacturing process is much simpler than most current cellular therapy approaches using conventional CD8
+ T-cell lines or clones: there is no final or initial separation, no purification step and no use of feeder cells; the specific T-cell receptor-mediated signal provided by BrHPP is sufficient to trigger the IL-2-dependent expansion of the γ9δ2 subset, which then becomes predominant in the cell culture in large amounts.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Plutonium trichloride solution in the molten LiCl–KCl eutectic was prepared by carbochlorination of plutonium oxide. Kinetics of this reaction was compared in different conditions in the range of ...443–550°C. Using this molten salt solution, the redox potential of the Pu(III)/Pu couple at inert tungsten electrode was measured at 450°C by electromotive force measurement and was found to be E′○=−2.76V vs. the Cl2(g)(1atm)/Cl− reference electrode (molar fraction scale). Reaction between plutonium trichloride and oxide ions was studied by potentiometric titration, using yttria stabilized electrodes. In our experimental conditions, the titration curves indicate the precipitation of the sesquioxide Pu2O3. The solubility product cologarithm calculated from these curves is found to be pKs(Pu2O3)=22.8±1.1 (molality scale). Using the experimentally obtained values for E′○, activity coefficient and pKs joined to the published thermodynamic data, the stability phase diagram of the Pu–O species was then drawn.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In elderly patients, goal-directed haemodynamic therapy (GDHT), depth of anaesthesia monitoring and lung-protective ventilation have been shown to improve postoperative outcomes. The aim of this ...study was to evaluate current practices concerning strategies of anaesthesia optimisation in patients aged≥75 years.
A multicentre observational study was performed from February to May 2015 in 23 French academic centres. On 30 consecutive days in each centre, patients≥75 years with at least one major comorbidity undergoing elective or emergency procedures (femoral-neck fractures surgery, intraperitoneal abdominal surgery or vascular surgery) were included. Patient characteristics and data related to GHDT, management of hypotension, monitoring of temperature and depth of anaesthesia, lung ventilation, point of care haemoglobin testing were collected.
In total, 807 patients were included. Only 2% of patients 95% CI: 1–3 received GHDT in full accordance with guidelines. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring was largely performed (53% 95% CI: 50–56). The multifaceted strategy of lung-protective ventilation combining low tidal volumes (6–8mL/kg), PEEP of 5–8cm cmH2O, and repeated recruitment manoeuvres, was performed in only 4% 95% CI: 3–5 of patients. A centre effect was a major determinant of variation concerning implementation of these strategies.
In patients’≥75 years, strategies of anaesthesia optimisation are not in accordance with eligible guidelines. Implementation of these techniques varies independently of factors related to the patient or the type of surgery and may be dependent on the generated constraints.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Pyrochemical separation processes are considered to treat spent nuclear fuel and particularly to separate fission products from actinides. In order to estimate the efficiency and selectivity for ...various extraction processes based on a molten salt/solvent metal separation technique, we have to know the properties of the elements to be extracted in each solvent, notably their activity coefficients in the two phases. The classical way to measure the activity coefficient of an element in a liquid metal is to use a concentration cell whose the electromotive force is measured. This type of cell involves two electrodes: (a) the element investigated in its pure metallic form and (b) the element solvated in the solvent metal. The electrolyte used for this study is a chloride melt that contains the element under consideration as a solute. In this paper, an effort was made to measure activity coefficients in liquid metals by means of electrochemical techniques rather than a potentiometric technique. The experimental protocol was optimized by measuring the activity coefficient of gadolinium in liquid gallium (solvent metal) γ(Gd/Ga) at 530°C for several amounts of gadolinium in gallium, and log γ(Gd/Ga) was determined to be equal to −10.17 (mole fraction scale). Then, the temperature dependence of the activity coefficient was determined in the range of 535 to 630°C. It appears that log γ(Gd/Ga) varies linearly with the reciprocal value of T, thus following the theoretical variation. The electrochemical method was also performed to determine the activity coefficient of plutonium in liquid gallium at 560°C. The value of log γ(Pu/Ga) so obtained is equal to −8.04 (mole fraction scale). This value was confirmed using electrochemical and potentiometric measurements with a plutonium-saturated gallium electrode.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Terahertz (THz) spin-to-charge conversion has become an increasingly important process for THz pulse generation and as a tool to probe ultrafast spin interactions at magnetic interfaces. However, its ...relation to traditional, steady state, ferromagnetic resonance techniques is poorly understood. Here we investigate nanometric trilayers of Co/X/Pt (X=Ti, Au or Au0:85W0:15) as a function of the 'X' layer thickness, where THz emission generated by the inverse spin Hall effect is compared to the Gilbert damping of the ferromagnetic resonance. Through the insertion of the 'X' layer we show that the ultrafast spin current injected in the non-magnetic layer defines a direct spin conductance, whereas the Gilbert damping leads to an effective spin mixing-conductance of the trilayer. Importantly, we show that these two parameters are connected to each other and that spin-memory losses can be modeled via an effective Hamiltonian with Rashba fields. This work highlights that magneto-circuits concepts can be successfully extended to ultrafast spintronic devices, as well as enhancing the understanding of spin-to-charge conversion processes through the complementarity between ultrafast THz spectroscopy and steady state techniques.
L'Opéra de Paris, loin de l'uniformité qui règne aujourd'hui entre tous les opéras du monde, a longtemps fait cavalier seul : en jouant majoritairement des œuvres anciennes, en se refusant aux ...langues étrangères, en cultivant jalousement sa propre tradition. Les études réunies ici explorent les principales options qui structurent son répertoire pendant plus de trois siècles : l'ancien et le nouveau, l'équilibre entre opéra et ballet, l'inclusion progressive d'autres genres et d'autres styles, la montée en puissance de la mise en scène. Ce répertoire forme un continent en grande partie englouti, mais il suffit d'en chercher la problématique sous-jacente pour qu'il nous apparaisse sous un jour étrangement familier.
Chelerythrine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), was evaluated for its effect on inositol phosphate (IP) metabolism in newborn rat cardiomyocytes in culture. In a first step, we evaluated ...the effect of chelerythrine on IP accumulation in basal conditions. For a 10–4 M dose, 5‐phosphatase activity (which dephosphorylates IP3 into IP2) was completely blocked and we observed a large increase in IP accumulation limited to IP2 without any increase in IP3, strongly suggesting that chelerythrine at this dose modifies IP metabolism. At a lower dose (10–5 M) of chelerythrine, which did not modify IP accumulation and 5‐phosphatase activity in basal conditions, the response to angiotensin II stimulation was completely abolished by the addition of chelerythrine. We conclude thus that chelerythrine, even at 10–5 M, interacts markedly with IP metabolism, and caution should be exerted when interpreting the results obtained with this drug, which is still currently used at this dose.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Multi proxy records of trophic state and hypolimnetic anoxia in a large hard-water lake (lake Bourget, french Alps) Giguet-Covex , Charline (Université de Savoie, Le Bourget du Lac(France). UMR5204 CNRS Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM)); Millet , Laurent (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(France). UMR6249 Université de Franche-Comté Besançon Chrono-environnement); Verneaux , Valéry (Université de Franche-Comté(France). UMR6249 CNRS Chrono-environnement) ...
2010
Conference Proceeding
Instrumental data about lake functioning before anthropogenic disturbances of the last century are scarce and often discontinuous. A paleolimnological study through sedimentological, geochemical ...(mineral and organic), chironomid and diatom assemblages analyses has been applied to reconstruct the trophic state and hypolimnion oxygenation changes in Lake Bourget during the last century. This approach presents also the interest to permit the access to the reference state of lake in the sense of the European Framework Directive. Lake sediments are characterized by the appearance of biochemical varves (confirmed by radionuclide dating) associated with a decreasing in oxygen concentration in the lake bottom. These biochemical varves are generally composed of three layers: a spring diatom lamina, a spring/summer bio-precipitated calcite-rich lamina and a winter lamina rich in organic matter and detrital particles. The eutrophication and the first anoxic facies appeared simultaneously in AD 1943 +/- 1 year. This eutrophication was indicated by drastic increase in biogenic silica (mostly diatoms), changes in diatom assemblages (with the development and dominance of taxa typical for eutrophic lakes), larger calcite crystals (15-30µm) and an increase in the accumulation of lacustrine organic matter. The rise in planktonic production in the upper zone of the water column overwhelmed the capacities of consumers to assimilate this organic matter which highly accumulated in the sediment leading to hypoxia (and anoxia) in the hypolimnion. The eutrophication is mostly caused by the inflow of untreated sewage effluents, and – to a lesser extent – by non-point phosphorous source coming from the lake catchment area. The preservation state of laminations and the presence of some oxybiontic chironomid taxa suggest the prevalence of less harsh hypoxia between 1943 and 1960 AD than since 1960 AD. In order to improve lake water quality, waste waters were treated and diverted directly to the Rhone in 1980. However, about 14 years were necessary to improve nutrient inputs in lake water surface. Indeed, from AD 1995 to 2006, the diatom assemblages suggest a reduction in nutrients, and a return to mesotrophic conditions, a result of improved wastewater management. Until 2006, no change in hypolimnion benthic conditions has been shown, neither from the organic matter content, the geochemical characteristics of the sediments or the subfossil chironomid profundal community.
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