Objective
To examine how childhood weight trajectories are associated with disordered eating behaviours (DEBs) in early adolescence.
Methods
Self‐reports on DEBs (fasting, purging, and binge eating) ...were obtained from 18,337 children in the 11‐year follow‐up of the Danish National Birth Cohort. For this population, birth register information on gestational age and birth weight was categorized into the following: small, appropriate, and large for gestational age. Prospective parent‐reported height and weight data at child ages 1 and 7 years were dichotomized using standardized cut‐offs into non‐overweight and overweight. A 12‐category weight trajectory variable was created, and the associations between weight trajectory and DEBs were estimated using logistic regression.
Results
In total, 7.0% 11‐ to 12‐year olds reported DEBs. Compared with children born appropriate for gestational age and being non‐overweight at age 1 and 7 years, children born small for gestational age and who were overweight at age 1 and 7 years had a very high risk of disordered eating (OR 7.00; CI 2.57, 19.40). The statistical analyses revealed, however, that overweight at age 7 years was the main contributor and independently of trajectory increased the risk of disordered eating at age 11–12 years significantly (OR 3.16 CI 2.73, 3.65).
Conclusion
Overweight not in the first year of life, but at age 7 years was more predictive for DEBs.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
During the past 25 years, many pregnancy and birth cohorts have been established. Each cohort provides unique opportunities for examining associations of early‐life exposures with child ...development and health. However, to fully exploit the large amount of available resources and to facilitate cross‐cohort collaboration, it is necessary to have accessible information on each cohort and its individual characteristics. The aim of this work was to provide an overview of European pregnancy and birth cohorts registered in a freely accessible database located at http://www.birthcohorts.net.
Methods
European pregnancy and birth cohorts initiated in 1980 or later with at least 300 mother–child pairs enrolled during pregnancy or at birth, and with postnatal data, were eligible for inclusion. Eligible cohorts were invited to provide information on the data and biological samples collected, as well as the timing of data collection.
Results
In total, 70 cohorts were identified. Of these, 56 fulfilled the inclusion criteria encompassing a total of more than 500 000 live‐born European children. The cohorts represented 19 countries with the majority of cohorts located in Northern and Western Europe. Some cohorts were general with multiple aims, whilst others focused on specific health or exposure‐related research questions.
Conclusion
This work demonstrates a great potential for cross‐cohort collaboration addressing important aspects of child health. The web site, http://www.birthcohorts.net, proved to be a useful tool for accessing information on European pregnancy and birth cohorts and their characteristics.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective Pelvic pain during pregnancy is a common ailment, and the disease is a major cause of sickness absence during pregnancy. It is plausible that occupational lifting may be a risk factor of ...pelvic pain during pregnancy, but no previous studies have examined this specific exposure. The aim of this study was to examine the association between occupational lifting and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Methods The study comprised 50 143 pregnant women, enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort in the period from 1996—2002. During pregnancy, the women provided information on occupational lifting (weight load and daily frequency), and six months post partum on pelvic pain. Adjusted odds ratios for pelvic pain during pregnancy according to occupational lifting were calculated by logistic regression. Results Any self-reported occupational lifting (>1 time/day and loads weighing >10 kg) was associated with an increased risk of pelvic pain during pregnancy as compared to no such lifting. A confounder-adjusted exposure—response relation was observed between self-reported total loads lifted and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Daily lifting of both medium (11—20 kg) and heavy loads (>20 kg) were associated with increased risk, and the highest risk was observed among women who lifted heavy loads independent of exposure to medium loads. Conclusion Occupational lifting may increase the risk of pelvic pain during pregnancy.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
We examined the association between parental characteristics and disordered eating among 11‐ to 12‐year‐olds within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Frequency of fasting, purging, and binge ...eating was obtained by self‐report from 37,592 children and combined into a measure of disordered eating (no, monthly, and weekly). Information on parental characteristics was obtained during pregnancy, from the 7‐year follow‐up, and by linkage to population registers. Data were analysed using multinomial logistic regression models with robust standard errors. In total, 3.1% reported weekly and 4.1% reported monthly disordered eating. Parental young age, low educational level, and overweight/obesity were associated with disordered eating. The relative risk ratios for, respectively, weekly and monthly disordered eating according to maternal eating disorder were 1.01 0.75, 1.37 and 1.09 0.84, 1.42. Disordered eating is common among children and is associated with several parental characteristics. We found social inequality in disordered eating, but our data did not support an association with maternal eating disorder.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the association between occupational lifting and the risk of fetal death according to gestational age. Methods We used data from the Danish ...National Birth Cohort (1996—2002). Among 71 500 occupationally active women, 2886 experienced a fetal death. Information on lifting and relevant covariates was collected in interviews around week 16 of pregnancy. The majority of fetal losses (N=2032) happened before the scheduled interview, and exposure data were collected retrospectively from these women. We analyzed early miscarriage (≤12 weeks), late miscarriage (13—21 weeks), and stillbirth (≥22 weeks), using Cox-regression models with gestational age as the underlying time variable. Results The adjusted early miscarriage risk increased with frequency of daily lifts and total burden lifted per day. For example, the hazard ratio was 1.38 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.10—1.74 for a total weight load per day of 101—200 kg and 2.02 (95% CI 1.23—3.33) for a daily load >1000 kg as compared to non-lifters (P for trend <0.0001). Late miscarriage was associated with total daily weight load (P for trend=0.0073) but not with number of lifts per day. There was no association between occupational lifting and stillbirth. Conclusions In the present study, the risk of miscarriage increased with the number of lifts and total burden lifted per day at work. There may be a case for advising pregnant women against heavy lifting in particular during early pregnancy.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives It has been suggested that the handling of heavy loads during pregnancy is associated with impaired fetal growth. We examined the association between quantity and frequency of maternal ...occupational lifting and the child's size at birth, measured by weight, length, ponderal index, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), abdominal circumference, head circumference, and placental weight. Methods We analyzed birth size from the Danish Medical Birth Registry of 66 693 live-born children in the Danish National Birth Cohort according to the mother's self-reported information on occupational lifting from telephone interviews around gestational week 16. Data were collected in the period 1996-2002. We used linear and logistic regression models and adjusted for confounders. Results In the fully adjusted models, most of the mean differences in birth size measures had values indicating a smaller size of offspring among women with occupational lifting versus women with no lifting, but the differences were very small, and there was a statistically significant trend only for placental weight showing lighter weight with increasing number of kilos lifted per day. In jobs likely to include person-lifting, we found increased odds of SGA among children of women who lifted 501-1000 kilos per day odds ratio (OR) 1.34,95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.98-1.83 and >1000 kilos per day (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.83-2.76) compared to no lifting. In jobs with no person-lifting, occupational lifting was not associated with SGA. Conclusions Overall, we observed no strong support for an association between maternal occupational lifting and impaired size at birth. Our data indicated a potential association between lifting and SGA among offspring of women in occupations that are likely to include person-lifting. These results should, however, be interpreted with caution due to limited statistical power, and we suggest that future studies include detailed, individual information on job functions and ergonomie routines of lifting procedures.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives: We assessed whether maternal employment during pregnancy - overall and in selected occupational sectors - is associated with birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA), term low birth ...weight (LBW), length of gestation, and preterm delivery in a population-based birth cohort design. Methods: We used data from ＞200 000 mother-child pairs enrolled in 13 European birth cohorts and compared employed versus non-employed women. Among employees, we defined groups of occupations representing the main sectors of employment for women where potential reproductive hazards are considered to be present. The comparison group comprised all other employed women not included in the occupational sector being assessed. We performed meta-analyses of cohort-specific estimates and explored heterogeneity. Results: Employees had a lower risk of preterm delivery than non-employees adjusted odds ratio OR_(adj) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.81-0.91. Working in most of the occupational sectors studied was not associated with adverse birth outcomes. Being employed as a nurse was associated with lower risk SGA infants (OR_(adj) 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99) whereas food industry workers had an increased risk of preterm delivery (OR_(adj) 1.50, 95% CI 1.12-2.02). There was little evidence for heterogeneity between cohorts. Conclusions: This study suggests that, overall, employment during pregnancy is associated with a reduction in the risk of preterm birth and that work in certain occupations may affect pregnancy outcomes. This exploratory study provides an important platform on which to base further prospective studies focused on the potential consequences of maternal occupational exposures during pregnancy on child development.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to: Evaluate the evidence regarding parental and child characteristics related to early-onset disordered eating.
Eating disorders ...are rare in children, but disordered eating is common. Understanding the phenomenology of disordered eating in childhood can aid prevention of full-blown eating disorders. The purpose of this review is to systematically extract and synthesize the evidence on parental and child characteristics related to early-onset disordered eating. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycInfo using the following search terms: eating disorder, disordered eating, problem eating, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating, child, preadolescent, and early onset. Studies published from 1990 to 2013 addressing parental and child characteristics of disordered eating in children aged 6 to 12 years were eligible for inclusion. The search was restricted to studies with cross-sectional, case-control, or longitudinal designs, studies in English, and with abstracts available. Forty-four studies fit these criteria. Most studies were based on community samples with a cross-sectional design. The included studies varied considerably in size, instruments used to assess early-onset disordered eating, and parental and child characteristics investigated. Important determinants included the following: higher body weight, previously reported disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, depression, parental disordered eating, and parental comments/concerns about child's weight and eating. The findings were inconsistent for sex, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, self-esteem/worth, and parental body weight. In conclusion, characteristics related to early-onset disordered eating have mainly been explored with a cross-sectional design. Full understanding of causal pathways will require good-quality longitudinal studies designed to address the influence of parental eating behaviors, mental and physical health, family interactions, and child growth patterns.
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