•A heuristic for hub based platooning with a strong local optimality guarantee.•Analysis of different static and dynamic dispatching strategies.•Case study using modelled truck route-traces passing ...through the Elb tunnel.•Expected cost savings in the range of 4–5% in the ideal case.•The potential is limited if drivers cannot rest while driving in platoons.
This paper presents a model for optimising truck platoons formed at a platooning hub. Different planning and dispatching strategies, from static to dynamic, are investigated with respect to profitability and fuel savings across a range of input variables. The problem is solved using a dynamic programming based local search heuristic. As a case study, a virtual platooning hub close to the German Elb Tunnel is examined using data from a large European transport network model. It is concluded that profitability crucially depends on; (i) dynamic outlook and (ii) if chauffeurs are allowed to rest while driving in platoons.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Selecting a sample preparation strategy for mass spectrometry-based proteomics is critical to the success of quantitative workflows. Here we present a universal, solid-phase protein preparation ...(USP3) method which is rapid, robust, and scalable, facilitating high-throughput protein sample preparation for bottom-up and top-down mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. This technique builds upon the single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (SP3) where we now demonstrate its scalability (low to high micrograms of protein) and the influence of variables such as bead and enzyme amounts on the efficiency of protein digestion. We also incorporate acid hydrolysis of DNA and RNA during complete proteome extraction resulting in a more reliable method that is simple and easy to implement for routine and high-throughput analysis of proteins. We benchmarked the performance of this technique against filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) using 30 μg of total HeLa protein lysate. We also show that the USP3 method is compatible with top-down MS where we reproducibly detect over 1800 proteoforms from 50 μg of HeLa protein lysate. The USP3 protocol allows for efficient and reproducible data to be generated in a cost-effective and robust manner with minimal down time between sample collection and analysis by MS.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex, Seiland Igneous Province represents a lower crustal magma chamber (25–30km depth) that likely records a deep conduit system for mantle derived melts ascending ...through the continental crust. It consists of cumulates of dunite, wehrlite, olivine clinopyroxene as well as subordinate lherzolite and websterites, intruded into gabbro-norite and metasediment gneisses. Field, petrographic and geochemical data show that the intrusion developed through fractional crystallization and interactions between new batches of magma and partially solidified cumulates. This resulted in a ‘reverse fractionation sequence’ whereby cumulates became progressively more MgO and olivine rich with time. Contamination by partial melting of the gabbro-norite is evident in the marginal zones, but is limited in the central parts of the intrusion. Interrupted crystallization sequences of olivine → olivine+clinopyroxene and the absence of significant amounts of more evolved melts, suggests that large volumes of melt passed through the system to shallower levels in the crust leaving behind the cumulate sequences observed at Reinfjord. Therefore, the Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex represents a deep crustal conduit system, through which mantle derived melts passed. The parent melts are likely to have formed from partial melting of mantle with residual garnet and clinopyroxene.
•The Reinfjord Ultramafic intrusion consists of cryptically and modally layered dunites, poikilitic wehrlites and olivine clinopyroxenites.•The cumulates primarily formed through fractional crystallization, magma recharge and melt–rock reactions.•Assimilation of wall rock gabbro and gneiss is only dominant in the marginal zones.•The intrusion represents the deep plumbing system of a large igneous province.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Quartz–tourmaline orbicules are unevenly distributed in the roof segment of the Land's End granite, SW England. This study shows that the orbicules formed from an immiscible hydrous borosilicate melt ...produced during the late stages of crystallization, and differentiates tourmaline formed by dominantly magmatic and dominantly hydrothermal processes. Trace elements and boron isotope fractionation can be tracked in tourmaline, and create a timeline for crystallization. Tourmaline from the granite matrix has higher V, Cr and Mg content and is isotopically heavier than the later crystallizing inner orbicule tourmaline. Overgrowths of blue tourmaline, occurring together with quartz showing hydrothermal cathodoluminescence textures, crystallized from an aqueous fluid during the very last crystallization, and are significantly higher in Sr and Sn, and isotopically heavier. Tourmaline associated with Sn mineralization is also high in Sr and Sn, but has boron isotopic compositions close to that of the magmatic tourmaline, and is not formed by the same fluids responsible for the blue overgrowths. The ore-forming fluids precipitating tourmaline and cassiterite are likely derived from the same magma source as the granite, but exsolved deeper in the magma chamber, and at a later stage than orbicule formation. Tourmaline from massive quartz–tourmaline rocks is concentrically zoned, with major and trace element compositions indicating crystallization from a similar melt as for the orbicules, but shows a more evolved signature.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Trace element analyses of quartz from the layered charnockitic Kleivan granite in the Rogaland Igneous Province (Rogaland Municipality, SW-Norway) reveal that the trace element composition of quartz ...can track igneous evolution during differentiation of the magma. Combined SEM-CL imaging and LA-ICP-MS analyses allow identification and analysis of primary igneous quartz. Al, Ti, Li, and Ge are the most abundant trace elements in the Kleivan quartz and each element shows a characteristic evolution during differentiation of the granitic magma. The Ge/Ti ratio of quartz is a reliable index of the magmatic evolution of granitic igneous systems, since Ti and Ge show pronounced compatible and incompatible characteristics, respectively. The temperature of the quartz crystallisation varies from 850 °C during charnockite formation to 645 °C in the most evolved aplitic–granite and granitic pegmatite. Therefore, the regular evolution of Ti and Ge in quartz during cooling of the melt may be used as an igneous geothermometer. The Li evolution pattern of quartz is mostly controlled by the Li content of the melt hence by the absence or presence of Li-bearing phases forming during solidification of the melt. Al in quartz is controlled by the aluminium saturation index of the melt. Accordingly, Al in quartz is constant during crystallisation of a metaluminous magma and increases during peraluminous conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
High-MgO (>12 wt%) magmas represent some of the most primary and high temperature melts from mantle plumes. The compositional diversity of high-MgO magmas gained by fractional melting within ...inhomogeneous mantle sources, is often overprinted by wall rock assimilation, magma mixing and fractional crystallisation within magma chambers at various depths within the crust. The deepest intrusions, at the base of the crust, are the first stop for magmas as they leave the mantle and such localities offer vital insights into the crustal processes that modify high-MgO melts. The Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) represents a rare exposure of a deep crustal magma conduit system that transported large volumes of mantle-derived melts through the lower continental crust. In this work, trace element compositions of clinopyroxenes in dunite, wehrlite and olivine clinopyroxenite samples from the Reinfjord intrusion were measured using laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The melts calculated to be in equilibrium with the clinopyroxenes represent derivatives of mantle-derived magmas and have steep rare earth element (REE) profiles with La/YbPM of 8.4–14., Sm/YbPM of 3.5–4.8, and negative anomalies in Nd, Zr and Hf. Assimilation, recharge and fractional crystallisation modelling shows that the ultramafic cumulates in the Reinfjord intrusion formed through concurrent fractional crystallisation and repetitive recharge (and mixing) of new primitive magmas from the mantle with very limited input from crustal sources. The recharge and mixing model is strongly supported by field and petrographic data. Two end-member ultramafic magmas are identified; the first end-member melt composition (MELTCPX0) is similar to the melt compositions that are in equilibrium with the most trace element depleted clinopyroxenes from Reinfjord. The second end-member melt composition (MELTPIC0) is similar to a number of picrite dykes found throughout the SIP, which have less steep LREE/HREE and lack strong negative anomalies in Zr and Hf. The REEBOX PRO melting model (Brown and Lesher, 2016) was used to forward model adiabatic decompression melting of lithologically homogeneous and heterogeneous sources containing anhydrous/hydrous peridotite ± pyroxenite. It was found that MELTPIC0 formed by melting of a peridotite source with up to 10% pyroxenite component and mantle potential temperatures of up to 1450 °C. MELTCPX0, however, formed by melting of a carbonate- metasomatised peridotite with potential temperatures of up to 1630 °C. These results indicate a compositionally and thermally inhomogeneous mantle plume beneath the SIP.
•Trace element compositions of clinopyroxene in ultramafic cumulates from Reinfjord.•Parent melts were high-MgO picrites with OIB affinities.•Recharge, magma mixing, and fractional crystallisation during cumulate formation.•Inhomogeneous mantle plume source with DMM, carbonated peridotite and pyroxenite.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Magnetic properties from the Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex, in northern Norway, which formed as part of a deep magmatic conduit system, have been investigated to determine the magnetic signature of ...ultramafic rocks now exposed at the surface and deeper in the lower crust. The dominant carriers in these ultramafic rocks are a chrome‐spinel with Fe‐rich exsolution blebs and exsolution lamellae of magnetite in clinopyroxene. Except locally, in a fault zone and in discrete small fractures, these rocks show only minor to no alteration. We infer that the magnetic oxides characterized here are representative of pristine magnetic carriers in similar rocks deeper in the crust. These oxides can be stable in lower crustal, possibly upper mantle, depths when temperatures are below the Curie temperature of magnetite, taking into account pressure effects. These ultramafic rocks are candidates for potential sources of long‐wavelength anomalies.
Plain Language Summary
Satellites are used to map the Earth's magnetic field and explore magnetic anomalies created by this field in crustal rocks. To understand the magnetic signal from deep‐seated rocks, we need to explore the sources and nature of the magnetic mineralogy. This paper reviews the magnetic properties of rocks that formed deep in the Earth's crust (at 25‐ to 35‐km depth), 570–560 million years ago, now well exposed in Northern Norway. Despite a history of being exhumed from deep in the crust, these rocks only show minimal alteration and present a rare opportunity to study their pristine magnetic properties. The primary magnetic minerals in these ultramafic rocks are an exsolved chrome‐spinel, and magnetite lamellae in clinopyroxene. These minerals formed at high temperatures and could be representative of minerals residing deeper in the lower or upper mantle. These phases are magnetically stable up to the Curie temperature of magnetite. These ultramafic rocks are a potential source of magnetization in the lower crust and the upper mantle.
Key Points
Primary magnetic oxides are chrome‐spinel with Fe‐rich exsolution lamellae and magnetite lamellae in pyroxene
These carriers are stable at lower crust to uppermost mantle conditions
Ultramafic rocks are potential sources of long‐wavelength‐anomalies
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a continuum that includes epithelial, partial EMT, and mesenchymal states, each of which is associated with cancer progression, invasive capabilities, and ...ultimately, metastasis. We used a lineage-traced sporadic model of pancreatic cancer to generate a murine organoid biobank from primary and secondary tumors, including sublines that underwent partial EMT and complete EMT. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we found that organoid morphology predicts the EMT state, and the solid organoids are associated with a partial EMT signature. We also observed that exogenous TGFβ1 induces solid organoid morphology that is associated with changes in the S100 family, complete EMT, and the formation of high-grade tumors. S100A4 may be a useful biomarker for predicting EMT state, disease progression, and outcome in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background
Previous studies have reported Blood type O to confer a lower risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, while secretor status and other blood groups have been suspected to have a similar effect as ...well.
Study design and methods
To determine whether any other blood groups influence testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19 severity, or prolonged COVID‐19, we used a large cohort of 650,156 Danish blood donors with varying available data for secretor status and blood groups ABO, Rh, Colton, Duffy, Diego, Dombrock, Kell, Kidd, Knops, Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, P1PK, Vel, and Yt.
Of these, 36,068 tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 whereas 614,088 tested negative between 2020‐02‐17 and 2021‐08‐04. Associations between infection and blood groups were assessed using logistic regression models with sex and age as covariates.
Results
The Lewis blood group antigen Lea displayed strongly reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptibility OR 0.85 CI0.79–0.93 p < .001. Compared to blood type O, the blood types B, A, and AB were found more susceptible toward infection with ORs 1.1 CI1.06–1.14 p < .001, 1.17 CI1.14–1.2 p < .001, and 1.2 CI1.14–1.26 p < .001, respectively. No susceptibility associations were found for the other 13 blood groups investigated. There was no association between any blood groups and COVID‐19 hospitalization or long COVID‐19. No secretor status associations were found.
Discussion
This study uncovers a new association to reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptibility for Lewis type Lea and confirms the previous link to blood group O. The new association to Lea could be explained by a link between mucosal microbiome and SARS‐CoV‐2.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Primary granophyres are differentiated from olivine tholeiitic magma and occur interstitially throughout the cumulus stratigraphy of the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. Samples from the Lower ...Zones a–c (LZa–c), the Middle Zone (MZ) and the Sandwich Horizon (SH) are included in the present study together with granophyric accumulations in gabbroic pegmatite from LZa–c. Fluid inclusions in quartz and the mineral assemblage in the granophyres record the pressure under which the Skaergaard intrusion crystallised. Pegmatitic granophyre from LZa–c consists mainly of quartz, plagioclase (An
4–7) and alkali feldspar (Or
40–80) enclosing an earlier formed assemblage of ferrohastingsitic and ferroedenitic hornblende, fayalite (Fo
4–5), titanite, biotite and fluor-apatite. Granophyric quartz, albite and alkali feldspar crystallised from water-saturated granitic melts near eutectic minimum conditions between 680 and 660
°C. The pressure of granophyre crystallisation was modelled by the intercept between fluid inclusion isochores and the minimum melt solidus for granitic compositions. Pressures, recalculated to the roof pendant of the intrusion, are 0.7
±
0.5 for LZa, 2.0
±
0.2 for LZb–c, 2.3
±
0.8 for MZ (the Triple Group level) and 3.3
±
1.3
kb for SH. Amphibole geobarometry, independently, confirm the pressure estimates for pegmatitic granophyres in LZa–c. The granophyres formed as the intrusion cooled through the minimum melt solidus in LZa, LZb, LZc, MZ and SH, respectively. The pressure increase from LZa to SH granophyres is explained by progressive burial during cooling of the intrusion and contemporaneous outpouring of 5.3–6.3
±
2.7
km of flood basalts during the initial opening of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Accordingly, the Skaergaard intrusion evolved from a subvolcanic magma chamber at emplacement to a more deep-seated igneous system during terminal crystallization when the majority of the intercumulus phases formed. The present cooling history suggests the intrusion cooled through the temperature of granophyre formation in less than 300,000
years. The increase in the pressure of granophyre formation therefore implies that 5.3–6.3
±
2.7
km of flood basalts were emplaced within this time window.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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