The article substantiates the procedural and legal nature of the limitation period, due to the possibility of the defendant to defend himself against the claim. The author concludes that the presence ...or absence of the need for procedural activities to consider the claim depends on the will of the defendant (application) and the application of the statute of limitations by the court. As a general rule, the issue of the application of the limitation period should be decided before the trial and formalized by a court ruling. A court ruling is not required.
The invention of optical lasers led to a revolution in the field of optics and to the creation of such fields of research as quantum optics. The reason was their unique statistical and coherence ...properties. The emerging, short-wavelength free-electron lasers (FELs) are sources of very bright coherent extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray radiation with pulse durations on the order of femtoseconds, and are presently considered to be laser sources at these energies. FELs are highly spatially coherent to the first-order but in spite of their name, behave statistically as chaotic sources. Here, we demonstrate experimentally, by combining Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry with spectral measurements that the seeded XUV FERMI FEL-2 source does indeed behave statistically as a laser. The results may be useful for quantum optics experiments and for the design and operation of next generation FEL sources.
X‐ray nanodiffraction is applied to study the formation and correlation of domain boundaries in mesocrystalline superlattices of PbS nanocrystals with face‐centered cubic structure. Each domain of ...the superlattice can be described with one of two mesocrystalline polymorphs with different orientational orders. Close to a grain boundary, the lattice constant decreases and the superlattice undergoes an out‐of‐plane rotation, while the orientation of the nanocrystals with respect to the superlattice remains unchanged. These findings are explained with the release of stress on the expense of specific nanocrystal–substrate interactions. The fact that correlations between adjacent nanocrystals are found to survive the structural changes at most grain boundaries implies that the key to nanocrystal superlattices with macroscopic domain sizes are strengthened interactions with the substrate.
Nanofocused X‐ray scattering is applied to resolve the mesocystalline structure of PbS nanocrystal superlattices and investigate structural changes near grain boundaries. Two polymorphs are identified, which only differ in terms of the orientation of the nanocrystals to the superlattice. Between two single‐crystalline domains, the superlattice contracts and undergoes an out‐of‐plane rotation, which may play an important role in defect formation.
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The object of research was the species, varieties and forms of the genus Robinia: R. viscosa var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe; R. neomexicana var. rusbyi; R. neomexicana f. pale pink; R. neomexicana f. ...pale purple; R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd. and R. pseudoacacia x R. neomexicana, growing in the dendrological collections of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Most of the phenological phases of representatives of the genus Robinia occur at the optimal time for the seasonal development of flowering woody plants. This genus belongs to the group of late beginners and late terminators of the growing season. The indicator of phenological atypicality (+1 - 0) is in the lower half of the normal area, and for some species and forms (R. viscosa var. Hartwegii, R. pseudoacacia f. Pyramidalis, R. pseudoacacia f. Umbraculifera) at the edge of the normal area (+ 0.8 - +1). The research area for these introduced species is the northern border of the wide range of culture and their further promotion to regions with a more severe climate is possible only in experimental plantations or as an additional assortment. The most winter-hardy were the varieties, forms and hybrids of R. neomexicana with a phenological atypicality index from +0.3 to +0.35. We can recommend these plants for widespread use even in the northern regions of the Volgograd region due to their potential winter hardiness. The study of seasonal rhythms revealed the periods of maximum decorativeness of representatives of the generic complex Robinia, and a comparative characteristic in terms of the beginning and end of flowering. The authors found that R. viscosa var hartwegii has the longest flowering period.
Graphene oxide is a promising nanomaterial with many potential applications. However, before it can be widely used in areas such as drug delivery and medical diagnostics, its influence on various ...cell populations in the human body must be studied to ensure its safety. We investigated the interaction of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the Cell-IQ system, evaluating cell viability, mobility, and growth rate. GO nanoparticles of different sizes coated with linear or branched polyethylene glycol (P or bP, respectively) were used at concentrations of 5 and 25 μg/mL. Designations were the following: P-GOs (Ø 184 ± 73 nm), bP-GOs (Ø 287 ± 52 nm), P-GOb (Ø 569 ± 14 nm), and bP-GOb (Ø 1376 ± 48 nm). After incubating the cells with all types of nanoparticles for 24 h, the internalization of the nanoparticles by the cells was observed. We found that all GO nanoparticles used in this study exerted a cytotoxic effect on hMSCs when used at a high concentration (25 μg/mL), whereas at a low concentration (5 μg/mL) a cytotoxic effect was observed only for bP-GOb particles. We also found that P-GOs particles decreased cell mobility at a concentration of 25 μg/mL, whereas bP-GOb particles increased it. Larger particles (P-GOb and bP-GOb) increased the rate of movement of hMSCs regardless of concentration. There were no statistically significant differences in the growth rate of cells compared with the control group.
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Nanostructures with specific crystallographic planes display distinctive physico-chemical properties because of their unique atomic arrangements, resulting in widespread applications in catalysis, ...energy conversion or sensing. Understanding strain dynamics and their relationship with crystallographic facets have been largely unexplored. Here, we reveal in situ, in three-dimensions and at the nanoscale, the volume, surface and interface strain evolution of single supported platinum nanocrystals during reaction using coherent x-ray diffractive imaging. Interestingly, identical {hkl} facets show equivalent catalytic response during non-stoichiometric cycles. Periodic strain variations are rationalised in terms of O
adsorption or desorption during O
exposure or CO oxidation under reducing conditions, respectively. During stoichiometric CO oxidation, the strain evolution is, however, no longer facet dependent. Large strain variations are observed in localised areas, in particular in the vicinity of the substrate/particle interface, suggesting a significant influence of the substrate on the reactivity. These findings will improve the understanding of dynamic properties in catalysis and related fields.
Point-of-care tests play an important role in serological diagnostics of infectious diseases and post-vaccination immunity monitoring, including in COVID-19. Currently, lateral flow tests dominate in ...this area and show good analytical performance. However, studies to improve the effectiveness of such tests remain important. In comparison with lateral flow tests, vertical flow immunoassays allow for a reduction in assay duration and the influence of the hook effect. Additionally, the use of carbon black nanoparticles (CNPs) as a color label can provide a lower detection limit (LOD) compared to conventional colloidal gold. Therefore, we have developed a vertical flow immunoassay for the detection of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human serum samples by applying a conjugate of CNPs with anti-human IgG mouse monoclonal antibodies (CNP@MAb). The vertical flow assay device consists of a plastic cassette with a hole on its top containing a nitrocellulose membrane coated with spike protein and an absorbent pad. The serum sample, washing buffer, and CNP@MAb flow vertically through the nitrocellulose membrane and absorbent pads, reducing assay time and simplifying the procedure. In positive samples, the interaction of CNP@MAb with anti-spike antibodies leads to the appearance of black spots, which can be visually detected. The developed method allows for rapid visual detection (5–7 min) of IgG vs. spike protein, with a LOD of 7.81 BAU/mL. It has been shown that an untrained operator can perform the assay and visually evaluate its results. Thus, the presented assay can be used in the further development of test systems for the serological diagnostics of COVID-19 or post-vaccination immunity monitoring.
With the rapid development of short-pulse intense laser sources, studies of matter under extreme irradiation conditions enter further unexplored regimes. In addition, an application of X-ray ...Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) delivering intense femtosecond X-ray pulses, allows to investigate sample evolution in IR pump - X-ray probe experiments with an unprecedented time resolution. Here we present a detailed study of the periodic plasma created from the colloidal crystal. Both experimental data and theory modeling show that the periodicity in the sample survives to a large extent the extreme excitation and shock wave propagation inside the colloidal crystal. This feature enables probing the excited crystal, using the powerful Bragg peak analysis, in contrast to the conventional studies of dense plasma created from bulk samples for which probing with Bragg diffraction technique is not possible. X-ray diffraction measurements of excited colloidal crystals may then lead towards a better understanding of matter phase transitions under extreme irradiation conditions.
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Gelatin nanoparticles found numerous applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, immunotherapy, and vaccine development as well as in biotechnology and food science. Synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles ...is usually made by a two-step desolvation method, which, despite providing stable and homogeneous nanoparticles, has many limitations, namely complex procedure, low yields, and poor reproducibility of the first desolvation step. Herein, we present a modified one-step desolvation method, which enables the quick, simple, and reproducible synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles. Using the proposed method one can prepare gelatin nanoparticles from any type of gelatin with any bloom number, even with the lowest ones, which remains unattainable for the traditional two-step technique. The method relies on quick one-time addition of poor solvent (preferably isopropyl alcohol) to gelatin solution in the absence of stirring. We applied the modified desolvation method to synthesize nanoparticles from porcine, bovine, and fish gelatin with bloom values from 62 to 225 on the hundreds-of-milligram scale. Synthesized nanoparticles had average diameters between 130 and 190 nm and narrow size distribution. Yields of synthesis were 62-82% and can be further increased. Gelatin nanoparticles have good colloidal stability and withstand autoclaving. Moreover, they were non-toxic to human immune cells.
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The foreign students who study at Russian universities continue learning Russian at bachelors’ degree. The main difficulty which professors face while teaching Russian as a foreign language lies in ...the fact that foreign students are often unprepared to learn specific vocabulary, necessary for educational and professional activities. A totally different approach for presentation of specific vocabulary has been developed by the authors of “Training for professional activity in Russian of “Public Relations” speciality foreign students” (L.V. Adonina, S.V. Lazarev, S.V. Smirnova, O.S. Fisenko).
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