The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Babikov, Y. ...
Journal of quantitative spectroscopy & radiative transfer,
November 2013, 2013-11-00, 20131101, 2013-11, Volume:
130
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper describes the status of the 2012 edition of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic compilation. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2008 and its updates during the ...intervening years. The HITRAN molecular absorption compilation is comprised of six major components structured into folders that are freely accessible on the internet. These folders consist of the traditional line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, infrared absorption cross-sections for molecules not yet amenable to representation in a line-by-line form, ultraviolet spectroscopic parameters, aerosol indices of refraction, collision-induced absorption data, and general tables such as partition sums that apply globally to the data. The new HITRAN is greatly extended in terms of accuracy, spectral coverage, additional absorption phenomena, and validity. Molecules and isotopologues have been added that address the issues of atmospheres beyond the Earth. Also discussed is a new initiative that casts HITRAN into a relational database format that offers many advantages over the long-standing sequential text-based structure that has existed since the initial release of HITRAN in the early 1970s.
•A new edition of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database is described.•HITRAN now includes a large number of molecules and their isotopologues.•HITRAN is now applicable to planetary atmospheres in addition to terrestrial.•A new structure for the database is described.•Many new spectroscopic phenomena are now available for the user.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Direct observation of superfluid response in para-hydrogen (p-H(2)) remains a challenge because of the need for a probe that would not induce localization and a resultant reduction in superfluid ...fraction. Earlier work H. Li, R. J. Le Roy, P.-N. Roy, and A. R. W. McKellar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 133401 (2010) has shown that carbon dioxide can probe the effective inertia of p-H(2) although larger clusters show a lower superfluid response due to localization. It is shown here that the lighter carbon monoxide probe molecule allows one to measure the effective inertia of p-H(2) clusters while maintaining a maximum superfluid response with respect to dopant rotation. Microwave spectroscopy and a theoretical analysis based on Feynman path-integral simulations are used to support this conclusion.
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3.
Spotted owls and forest fire: Comment Jones, Gavin M.; Gutiérrez, R. J.; Block, William M. ...
Ecosphere (Washington, D.C),
December 2020, 2020-12-00, 20201201, Volume:
11, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We present a first-draft digital reconstruction of the microcircuitry of somatosensory cortex of juvenile rat. The reconstruction uses cellular and synaptic organizing principles to algorithmically ...reconstruct detailed anatomy and physiology from sparse experimental data. An objective anatomical method defines a neocortical volume of 0.29 ± 0.01 mm3 containing ∼31,000 neurons, and patch-clamp studies identify 55 layer-specific morphological and 207 morpho-electrical neuron subtypes. When digitally reconstructed neurons are positioned in the volume and synapse formation is restricted to biological bouton densities and numbers of synapses per connection, their overlapping arbors form ∼8 million connections with ∼37 million synapses. Simulations reproduce an array of in vitro and in vivo experiments without parameter tuning. Additionally, we find a spectrum of network states with a sharp transition from synchronous to asynchronous activity, modulated by physiological mechanisms. The spectrum of network states, dynamically reconfigured around this transition, supports diverse information processing strategies.
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•The Blue Brain Project digitally reconstructs and simulates a part of neocortex•Interdependencies allow dense in silico reconstruction from sparse experimental data•Simulations reproduce in vitro and in vivo experiments without parameter tuning•The neocortex reconfigures to support diverse information processing strategies
A digital reconstruction and simulation of the anatomy and physiology of neocortical microcircuitry reproduces an array of in vitro and in vivo experiments without parameter tuning and suggests that cellular and synaptic mechanisms can dynamically reconfigure the state of the network to support diverse information processing strategies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Elasmobranchs have life-history characteristics that make them more vulnerable to fishing than many teleost fish. As commercial landings data are usually not sufficient for the monitoring and ...assessment of elasmobranchs, fisheries-independent data, geostatistics and Geographic Information Systems were used to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns of sharks (6 species), skates (9 species) and stingray in the eastern English Channel. Temporal trends in relative abundance and distributions of total-length frequencies were investigated using data collected over 21 yr from an annual survey using a Grande Ouverture Verticale (GOV) trawl. Temporal trends in relative abundance were examined qualitatively in relation to the reported conservation status for the various species. Most individuals captured for 7 of the species were immature. The GOV trawl was more efficient at sampling demersal sharks than batoids (skates and rays), especially small-sized batoids. Geostatistics were effectively used to explore, identify and quantify the spatial structure of the distributions of 13 species. The more abundant species displayed significantly larger patch diameters. Three shark species (Scyliorhinus canicula, S. stellarisandGaleorhinus galeus) were found to be spatially segregated by sex. The shark species tended to occur in the deeper waters of the area, while skates were found to be more coastal in their distribution. Results have contributed to a greater understanding of the spatio-temporal patterns in elasmobranch species in the eastern English Channel and are of relevance to future marine spatial planning and the development of long-term management plans for elasmobranchs in the area and elsewhere.
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Summary
Background
In several small studies, anticoagulant therapy reduced the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with isolated lower‐limb injuries.
Objectives
To compare the ...efficacy and safety of fondaparinux 2.5 mg (1.5 mg in patients with a creatinine clearance between 30 and 50 mL min−1) over nadroparin 2850 anti–factor Xa IU.
Patients and Methods
In this international, multicenter, randomized, open‐label study, patients with an isolated non‐surgical unilateral below‐knee injury having at least one additional major risk factor for VTE and requiring, in the Investigator's opinion, rigid or semi‐rigid immobilization for 21–45 days with thromboprophylaxis up to complete mobilization received subcutaneously once‐daily either fondaparinux or nadroparin. The primary efficacy outcome was the composite of VTE (symptomatic or ultrasonographically detected asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb or symptomatic pulmonary embolism) and death up to complete mobilization. The main safety outcome was major bleeding.
Results
We randomized 1349 patients (mean age 46 years): 88.7% had a bone fracture, and 83.8% had a plaster cast fitted (mean duration of immobilization, 34 days). The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 15 of 584 patients (2.6%) in the fondaparinux group and 48 of 586 patients (8.2%) in the nadroparin group (odds ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.15–0.54; P < 0.001). A single major bleed was experienced by fondaparinux‐treated patients and none by nadroparin‐treated patients. These results were maintained up to the end of follow‐up.
Conclusions
Fondaparinux 2.5 mg day−1 may be a valuable therapeutic option over nadroparin 2850 anti‐FXa IU day−1 for preventing VTE after below‐knee injury requiring prolonged immobilization in patients with additional risk factors.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Anxiety and depression are common, debilitating and costly. These disorders are influenced by multiple risk factors, from genes to psychological vulnerabilities and environmental stressors, but ...research is hampered by a lack of sufficiently large comprehensive studies. We are recruiting 40,000 individuals with lifetime depression or anxiety and broad assessment of risks to facilitate future research.
The Genetic Links to Anxiety and Depression (GLAD) Study (www.gladstudy.org.uk) recruits individuals with depression or anxiety into the NIHR Mental Health BioResource. Participants invited to join the study (via media campaigns) provide demographic, environmental and genetic data, and consent for medical record linkage and recontact.
Online recruitment was effective; 42,531 participants consented and 27,776 completed the questionnaire by end of July 2019. Participants’ questionnaire data identified very high rates of recurrent depression, severe anxiety, and comorbidity. Participants reported high rates of treatment receipt. The age profile of the sample is biased toward young adults, with higher recruitment of females and the more educated, especially at younger ages.
This paper describes the study methodology and descriptive data for GLAD, which represents a large, recontactable resource that will enable future research into risks, outcomes, and treatment for anxiety and depression.
•Online recruitment of 40,000 individuals with lifetime depression or anxiety.•Detailed online phenotyping combined with genetic and clinical data.•The study sample is severe, highly comorbid, with chronic psychopathology.•The study protocol enables recall of participants for future research and trials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are clinically validated cancer and fibrosis targets of considerable therapeutic importance. Compounds that can discriminate between homologous ...αvβ6 and αvβ8 and other RGD integrins, stabilize specific conformational states, and have high thermal stability could have considerable therapeutic utility. Existing small molecule and antibody inhibitors do not have all these properties, and hence new approaches are needed. Here we describe a generalized method for computationally designing RGD-containing miniproteins selective for a single RGD integrin heterodimer and conformational state. We design hyperstable, selective αvβ6 and αvβ8 inhibitors that bind with picomolar affinity. CryoEM structures of the designed inhibitor-integrin complexes are very close to the computational design models, and show that the inhibitors stabilize specific conformational states of the αvβ6 and the αvβ8 integrins. In a lung fibrosis mouse model, the αvβ6 inhibitor potently reduced fibrotic burden and improved overall lung mechanics, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of de novo designed integrin binding proteins with high selectivity.
Aims
Residual cardiovascular risk persists despite statin therapy. In REDUCE-IT, icosapent ethyl (IPE) reduced total events, but the mechanisms of benefit are not fully understood. EVAPORATE ...evaluated the effects of IPE on plaque characteristics by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Given the conclusion that the IPE-treated patients demonstrate that plaque burden decreases has already been published in the primary study analysis, we aimed to demonstrate whether the use of an analytic technique defined and validated in histological terms could extend the primary study in terms of whether such changes could be reliably seen in less time on drug, at the individual (rather than only at the cohort) level, or both, as neither of these were established by the primary study result.
Methods and Results
EVAPORATE randomized the patients to IPE 4 g/day or placebo. Plaque morphology, including lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC), fibrous cap thickness, and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), was assessed using the ElucidVivo® (Elucid Bioimaging Inc.) on CCTA. The changes in plaque morphology between the treatment groups were analyzed. A neural network to predict treatment assignment was used to infer patient representation that encodes significant morphological changes. Fifty-five patients completed the 18-month visit in EVAPORATE with interpretable images at each of the three time points. The decrease of LRNC between the patients on IPE vs. placebo at 9 months (reduction of 2 mm
3
vs. an increase of 41 mm
3
,
p
= 0.008), widening at 18 months (6 mm
3
vs. 58 mm
3
increase,
p
= 0.015) were observed. While not statistically significant on a univariable basis, reductions in wall thickness and increases in cap thickness motivated multivariable modeling on an individual patient basis. The per-patient response assessment was possible using a multivariable model of lipid-rich phenotype at the 9-month follow-up,
p
< 0.01 (sustained at 18 months), generalizing well to a validation cohort.
Conclusion
Plaques in the IPE-treated patients acquired more characteristics of stability. Reliable assessment using histologically validated analysis of individual response is possible at 9 months, with sustained stabilization at 18 months, providing a quantitative basis to elucidate drug mechanism and assess individual patient response.
Background
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rapidly progressing waterborne illness that predominately affects children and is nearly always fatal. PAM is caused by Naegleria fowleri, a ...free-living amoeba found in bodies of warm freshwater worldwide.
Methods
We reviewed exposure location, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic modalities, and treatment from confirmed cases of PAM diagnosed in the United States during 1937–2013. Patients were categorized into the early (ie, flu-like symptoms) or late (ie, central nervous system signs) group on the basis of presenting clinical characteristics. Here, we describe characteristics of the survivors and decedents.
Result
The median age of the patients was 12 years (83% aged ≤18 years); males (76%) were predominately affected (N = 142). Most infections occurred in southern-tier states; however, 4 recent infections were acquired in northern states: Minnesota (2), Kansas (1), and Indiana (1). Most (72%) of the patients presented with central nervous system involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis resembled bacterial meningitis with high opening pressures, elevated white blood cell counts with predominantly neutrophils (median, 2400 cells/μL range, 5–26 000 cells/μL), low glucose levels (median, 23 mg/dL range, 1–92 mg/dL), and elevated protein levels (median, 365 mg/dL range, 24–1210 mg/dL). Amoebas found in the cerebrospinal fluid were diagnostic, but PAM was diagnosed for only 27% of the patients before death. Imaging results were abnormal in approximately three-fourths of the patients but were not diagnostic for amoebic infection. Three patients in the United States survived.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive clinical case series of PAM presented in the United States. PAM is a fatal illness with limited treatment success and is expanding into more northern regions. Clinicians who suspect that they have a patient with PAM should contact the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at 770–488–7100 (available 24 hours/day, 7 days/week) to discuss diagnostic testing and treatment options (see cdc.gov/naegleria).
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