This research investigates the relationship between regulatory focus and construal level. The findings indicate that promotion‐focused individuals are more likely to construe information at abstract, ...high levels, whereas those with a prevention focus are more likely to construe information at concrete, low levels (experiments 1 and 2). Further, such fit (vs. nonfit) between an individual’s regulatory focus and the construal level at which information is represented leads to more favorable attitudes (experiments 3 and 4) and enhances performance on a subsequent task (experiment 3). These outcomes occur because fit enhances engagement that in turn induces processing fluency and intensifies reactions.
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2.
Malnutrition in the nursing home Bell, Christina L; Lee, Angela S.W; Tamura, Bruce K
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care,
2015-January, Volume:
18, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
PURPOSE OF REVIEWMalnutrition in the nursing home is increasingly recognized as a major international research priority, given the expanding geriatric populations, serious consequences, and ...challenges conducting research in nursing homes. This review examines the recent literature and suggests implications for research and practice.
RECENT FINDINGSAcross the recent studies, approximately 20% of nursing home residents had some form of malnutrition. However, malnutrition definitions were variable and prevalence ranged from 1.5 to 66.5%. Depression, cognitive impairment, functional impairment, and swallowing difficulty were consistently associated with malnutrition. Mortality was the major consequence of malnutrition among nursing home residents, whereas higher BMIs had lower risks of mortality. Beneficial interventions to reduce malnutrition in the nursing home included dietary supplements, greater resident role in food choice, and staff training programs.
SUMMARYTo truly tackle the issue of malnutrition in the nursing home setting, a consistent definition is needed. We strongly recommend that an expert consensus panel identify a standard set of measures to more accurately compare the prevalence across countries. Given the mortality consequences of malnutrition and the paucity of intervention studies, research on interventions for malnutrition in the nursing home needs to be a higher priority for facilities, researchers, and funding agencies.
There is extraordinary diversity in how the construct of self-control is operationalized in research studies. We meta-analytically examined evidence of convergent validity among executive function, ...delay of gratification, and self- and informant-report questionnaire measures of self-control. Overall, measures demonstrated moderate convergence (
r
random
=
.27 95% CI
=
.24, .30;
r
fixed
=
.34 .33,
.35,
k
=
282 samples,
N
=
33,564 participants), although there was substantial heterogeneity in the observed correlations. Correlations within and across types of self-control measures were strongest for informant-report questionnaires and weakest for executive function tasks. Questionnaires assessing sensation seeking impulses could be distinguished from questionnaires assessing processes of impulse regulation. We conclude that self-control is a coherent but multidimensional construct best assessed using multiple methods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Background/Context: Surprisingly little progress has been made in linking teacher effectiveness and retention to factors observable at the time of hire. The rigors of teaching, particularly in ...low-income school districts, suggest the importance of personal qualities that have so far been difficult to measure objectively. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: In this study, we examine the predictive validity of personal qualities not typically collected by school districts during the hiring process. Specifically, we use a psychological framework to explore how biographical data on grit, a disposition toward perseverance and passion for long-term goals, explains variance in novice teachers' effectiveness and retention. Research Design: In two prospective, longitudinal samples of novice teachers assigned to schools in low-income districts (N = 154 and N = 307, respectively), raters blind to outcomes followed a 7-point rubric to rate grit from information on college activities and work experience extracted from teachers' résumés. We used independent-samples, t-tests, and binary logistic regression models to predict teacher effectiveness and retention from these grit ratings as well as from other information (e.g., SAT scores, college GPA, and interview ratings of leadership potential) available at the time of hire. Conclusions/Recommendations: Grittier teachers outperformed their less gritty colleagues and were less likely to leave their classrooms midyear. Notably, no other variables in our analysis predicted either effectiveness or retention. These findings contribute to a better understanding of what leads some novice teachers to outperform others and remain committed to the profession. In addition to informing policy decisions surrounding teacher recruitment and development, this investigation highlights the potential of a psychological framework to explain why some individuals are more successful than others in meeting the rigorous demands of teaching.
With a plethora of news outlets today, audiences have more choices than ever. Yet, academic and professional understanding of news audiences from a uses and gratifications perspective remains ...limited. Using a national survey (N = 1143), this study uncovers distinct news consumption patterns across 4 types of motivations, and predicts media uses across 30 sources with noticeably higher explanatory power as compared to previous uses and gratifications studies, answering the question: Who is using what type of news, and why?
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Representing an event in abstract (vs. concrete) terms and as happening in the distant (vs. proximal) future has been shown to have important consequences for cognition and motivation. Less is known ...about factors that influence construal level and perceived temporal distance. The present research identifies one such factor and explores the implications for persuasion. Four studies show that an independent self-view is associated with abstract representations of future events and with perceiving these events as happening in the more distant future, whereas an interdependent self-view is associated with concrete representations of future events and with perceiving these events as happening in the more proximal future. Furthermore, a match (vs. mismatch) between the temporal frame of an advertisement and the self-view of the recipient leads to systematic changes in advertisement effectiveness and product appeal. These results add to the construal level theory and the self literatures and have practical implications for advertisers.
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Every Little Bit Counts: Syringe Dead Space Lee, Angela C; Challa, Chaitanya
Anesthesiology (Philadelphia),
2023-Sep-01, 2023-09-01, 20230901, Volume:
139, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Emotion recognition is key to interpersonal communication and to human–machine interaction. Body expression may contribute to emotion recognition, but most past studies focused on a few motions, ...limiting accurate recognition. Moreover, emotions in most previous research were acted out, resulting in non–natural motion, which is unapplicable in reality. We present an approach for emotion recognition based on body motion in naturalistic settings, examining authentic emotions, natural movement, and a broad collection of motion parameters. A lab experiment using 24 participants manipulated participants’ emotions using pretested movies into five conditions: happiness, relaxation, fear, sadness, and emotionally–neutral. Emotion was manipulated within subjects, with fillers in between and a counterbalanced order. A motion capture system measured posture and motion during standing and walking; a force plate measured center of pressure location. Traditional statistics revealed nonsignificant effects of emotions on most motion parameters; only 7 of 229 parameters demonstrate significant effects. Most significant effects are in parameters representing postural control during standing, which is consistent with past studies. Yet, the few significant effects suggest that it is impossible to recognize emotions based on a single motion parameter. We therefore developed machine learning models to classify emotions using a collection of parameters, and examined six models: k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, logistic regression, and the support vector machine with radial base function and linear and polynomial functions. The decision tree using 25 parameters provided the highest average accuracy (45.8%), more than twice the random guess for five conditions, which advances past studies demonstrating comparable accuracies, due to our naturalistic setting. This research suggests that machine learning models are valuable for emotion recognition in reality and lays the foundation for further progress in emotion recognition models, informing the development of recognition devices (e.g., depth camera), to be used in home-setting human–machine interactions.
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The experience of regulatory fit shapes subsequent moral conduct by intensifying moral predispositions. Results of seven studies (n = 3,559) show that individuals experiencing regulatory fit versus ...nonfit are more likely to behave in manners consistent with their moral predispositions as assessed by the trait Moral Disengagement scale, the Machiavellianism scale, and the Honesty-Humility Subscale of the HEXACO-60 inventory. Following an experience of regulatory fit (vs. nonfit), participants with moral predispositions were more likely to consider the decision to engage in sexual intercourse outside a committed relationship as a moral issue (Study 1), and were less willing to do so (Study 2); they also expressed higher intentions of reporting income honestly for tax purposes (Study 3), imposed harsher punishment on a transgressor (Study 4), and self-sacrificed more for the common good in a social dilemma (Studies 4 and 5). The opposite was observed when participants with immoral predispositions experienced regulatory fit (vs. nonfit). In an incentivized sender-receiver game, participants with moral predispositions were less likely to lie for monetary gains when they experienced regulatory fit (vs. nonfit), whereas those with immoral predispositions were more likely to lie (Study 7). By operationalizing the regulatory fit experience as incidental to the moral decision context and assessing moral predispositions with at least a week lead or lag from the main experiment, the findings provide unambiguous evidence that regulatory fit impacts moral conduct by intensifying moral predispositions.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
What political candidates say during their campaign and when they say it are critical to their success. In three experiments, we show that abstract, “why”‐laden appeals are more persuasive than ...concrete, “how”‐laden appeals when voters’ decision is temporally distant; the reverse is true when the decision is imminent, and these results are strongest among those who are politically uninformed. These effects seem to be driven by a match between temporal distance and the abstractness of the message that leads to perceptions of fluency, and the ensuing “feels right” experience yields enhanced evaluations of the focal stimulus.
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