“Medicine is an art of benevolence Kr. 인술 Insul, Ch. 仁術 Renshu.” This slogan is widely accepted in East Asia, and at least in South Korea, it is generally regarded as an innate medical ethic. ...However, the original meaning of ‘In’ (仁, Ch. Ren), which means ‘benevolence,’ ‘humanity,’ or simply ‘love for one another,’ is a Confucian virtue emphasized by Mencius. It is unclear when this Confucian term became the representative medical ethic in South Korea. The term “medical ethic” was not coined until the 19th century in the West (Robert Baker and Laurence B. McCullough, eds. 2009). We often use the terms ‘Insul,’ ‘affection,’ ‘Hippocratic Oath,’ and other related concepts interchangeably, but these words come from different times and have different ideological implications (Shin 2000). This paper examines how ‘Insul’ has been recreated under the tensions between Western and Eastern Medicine in modern Korea.The arrival of Western medicine caused an existential crisis in traditional Korean medicine. The status of TKM doctors was demoted by the ‘Uisaeng Regulation’ in 1913 by the JGGK, which aimed to establish a unicameral medical system based on Western medicine. In response, the scientification of Eastern medicine became an inevitable task, and Eastern medicine had to maintain its identity while also modernizing itself to avoid being absorbed into Western medicine. Until the late Joseon period, ‘Insul’ was rarely used in medicine but rather for political practices. Medical practice was a peripheral way of conducting Ren (仁), the Confucian benevolence. However, TKM rediscovered the concept during the modern era. With the Convention of Korean Uisaeng in October 1915, the TKM community actively used ‘Insul’ as their identity. At this convention, Governor General Terauchi Mastake used the term to mean traditional medicine and implied that without scientification, ‘Insul’ would be disused. This address was immediately and widely quoted in TKM journals. TKM doctors and adherents interpreted his address to mean that if they could achieve scientification of TKM, their medical ideal (Insul) would be used in the future. Soon, a number of articles on ‘Insul’ as a medical ethic were published in newspapers and journals.From the mid-1920s, regardless of whether the doctors practiced East or West medicine, people started to claim that only those who pursued ‘Insul’ were true medical personnel, and they used this as a criterion for evaluating medical doctors. The people’s demand for ‘Insul’ influenced medicine in general, and Western doctors also linked their medical practices to ‘Insul.’ This is an interesting example of the localization of Western medicine in Korea. Through the rivalry relationship or interaction between East and West medicine that took place in modern Korea, ‘Insul’ gradually became a representative term of Korean medical ethics since the mid-1920s. The process took place gradually over a decade, and it has now become firmly established throughout medicine in Korea.
ABSTRACT
Despite extensive research on the antecedents of customer citizenship behavior, the influence of other customers remains a neglected area in service research. Drawing on social information ...processing and interpersonal influence theories, this article investigates how citizenship behavior of focal customers is shaped by citizenship behavior of other customers. This study also examines how informational influence in the form of other‐customer credibility and normative influence in the form of customer social identity moderate this relationship. Using qualitative and quantitative data, this study shows that other‐customer citizenship behavior drives focal customer citizenship behavior. This link is also moderated by informational influence (other‐customer credibility) and normative influence (social identity). From a theoretical standpoint, the findings provide preliminary evidence that other‐customer focus is critical to an understanding of customer citizenship behavior. This study also identifies the boundary conditions for these relationships. From a practical standpoint, the findings suggest that managers need to identify and pay attention to customers who exhibit citizenship behavior so that customer citizenship behavior is reciprocated and extended to other customers in the service encounter.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently in Japan, noises from wind turbines and domestic use heat sources sometimes cause an increase in noise annoyance owing to low-frequency tonal components. The purpose of this study was to ...investigate the effects of the tonal components on the annoyance of the environmental noise. The authors conducted an auditory test in the laboratory to evaluate the annoyance of tonal noise using a seven-step rating method. The stimuli were composed of a broadband noise modeling of the environmental noise (25, 30, and 35 dB) and a low-frequency tonal component. With the tonal component added to the broadband noise, the frequency and tonal audibility were varied to 40, 50, 100, 200, and 400 Hz and 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 dB, respectively. The amount of increase in annoyance owing to the addition of the tonal component was quantitatively evaluated as a tonal adjustment by comparing it with broadband noise. As a result, tonal adjustment ranged from 0 to 7 dB, and the higher the tonal frequency, the larger the value. For the test background noise level, the lower the background noise level of the test sound, the greater the value. This trend suggests that the influence of tonal components on subjective impressions is stronger in quiet environments such as residential areas. This result may provide a basis for the evaluation method, which varies the penalty in the noise evaluation according to the frequency of the pure tones and the noise level.
•PFOS caused developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish.•PFOS affected neurological function, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism.•Integration of multi-omics was more decisive in exploring toxicity ...mechanisms than individual omics.•Axonal deformation, neuroinflammatory stimulation, and dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling pathways were the signature to explain developmental neurotoxicity.
Limited studies on multi-omics have been conducted to comprehensively investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). In this study, the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae was assessed under the exposure to 0.1–20 μM PFOS based on its reported neurobehavioral effect. After the number of zebrafish larvae was optimized for proteomics and metabolomics studies, three kinds of omics (i.e., transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) were carried out with zebrafish larvae exposed to 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μM PFOS. More importantly, a data-driven integration of multi-omics was performed to elucidate the toxicity mechanism involved in developmental neurotoxicity. In a concentration-dependent manner, exposure to PFOS provoked hyperactivity and hypoactivity under light and dark conditions, respectively. Individual omics revealed that PFOS exposure caused perturbations in the pathways of neurological function, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Integrated omics implied that there were decisive pathways for axonal deformation, neuroinflammatory stimulation, and dysregulation of calcium ion signaling, which are more clearly specified for neurotoxicity. Overall, our findings broaden the molecular understanding of the developmental neurotoxicity of PFOS, for which multi-omics and integrated omics analyses are efficient for discovering the significant molecular pathways related to developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To prevent collapse accidents at construction sites, the marker-based displacement measurement method was developed. However, it has difficulty in obtaining accurate measurements at long distances ...(>50 m) in an outdoor environment because of camera movements. To overcome this problem, marker-based structural displacement measurement models using image matching and anomaly detection were designed in this study. Then, the performance of each model in terms of camera movement error correction was verified through comparison with that of a conventional model. The results show that the systematic errors due to camera movements (<1.7°) were corrected. The detection rate of markers with displacement reached 95%, and the probability that the error size would be less than 10 mm was ≥ 95% with a 95% confidence interval at a distance of more than 100 m. Moreover, the normalized mean square error was less than 0.1. The models developed in this study can measure the pure displacement of an object without the systematic errors caused by camera movements. Furthermore, these models can be used to measure the displacements of distant structures using closed-circuit television cameras and markers in an outdoor environment with high accuracy.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Branched Sn78Ge22@carbon core−shell nanowires were prepared by thermal annealing of butyl-capped Sn78Ge22 clusters at 600 °C in a vacuum. The first discharge and charge capacities are 1250 and 1107 ...mA h/g, showing a Coulombic efficiency of 88%. Such a one-dimensional core−shell design exploits the benefits of the Sn78Ge22 nanowire to produce an exceptional high rate lithium reactivity (93% Coulombic efficiency at 8C (=6400 mA/g) rate) as well as excellent capacity retention after extended cycles (capacity retention of 94%).
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Inter-joint coordination and gait variability in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) has not been well investigated. Hip-knee cyclograms can visualize the relationship between the hip and knee joint ...simultaneously. The aim of this study was to elucidate differences in inter-joint coordination and gait variability with respect to KOA severity using hip-knee cyclograms. Fifty participants with KOA (early KOA, n = 20; advanced KOA, n = 30) and 26 participants (≥ 50 years) without KOA were recruited. We analyzed inter-joint coordination by hip-knee cyclogram parameters including range of motion (RoM), center of mass (CoM), perimeter, and area. Gait variability was assessed by the coefficient of variance (CV) of hip-knee cyclogram parameters. Knee RoM was significantly reduced and total perimeter tended to be decreased with KOA progression. KOA patients (both early and advanced) had reduced stance phase perimeter, swing phase area, and total area than controls. Reduced knee CoM and swing phase perimeter were observed only in advanced KOA. Both KOA groups had a greater CV for CoM, knee RoM, perimeter (stance phase, swing phase and total) and swing phase area than the controls. Increased CV of hip RoM was only observed in advanced KOA. These results demonstrate that hip-knee cyclograms can provide insights into KOA patient gait.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The authors investigate how horizontal versus vertical displays of alternatives affect assortment processing, perceived variety, and subsequent choice. Horizontal (vs. vertical) displays are easier ...to process due to a match between the human binocular vision field (which is horizontal in direction) and the dominant direction of eye movements required for processing horizontal displays. It is demonstrated that this processing fluency allows people to browse information more efficiently, which increases perceived assortment variety and ultimately leads to more variety being chosen, and if the number of options chosen is allowed to vary, it leads to more options chosen. It is shown that because people see more variety in a horizontal (vs. vertical) display, they process a horizontal assortment more extensively. When more variety is positive, they find the choice task easier and have a higher level of satisfaction and confidence about their choices. When more variety is not necessarily positive, for example, in a choice of a single most-preferred option, these effects disappear. Two field studies, an eye-tracking study, and two lab studies support these conclusions.
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BFBNIB, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
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