Objectives
The Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP‐BP) is based on expert consensus and has been revised five times since 2002. This study evaluated the changes in ...treatment strategies advocated by the KMAP‐BP over time.
Methods
The five editions of the KMAP‐BP were reviewed, and the recommendations of the KMAP‐BP were compared with those of other bipolar disorder (BP) treatment guidelines.
Results
The most preferred option for the initial treatment of mania was a combination of a mood stabilizer (MS) and an atypical antipsychotic (AAP). Either MS or AAP monotherapy was also considered a first‐line strategy for mania, but not for all types of episodes, including mixed/psychotic mania. In general, although lithium and valproic acid were commonly recommended, valproic acid has been increasingly preferred for all phases of BP. The most notable changes over time included the increasing preference for AAPs for all phases of BP, and lamotrigine for the depressive and maintenance phases. The use of antidepressants for BP has gradually decreased, but still represents a first‐line option for severe and psychotic depression.
Conclusions
In general, the recommended strategies of the KMAP‐BP were similar to those of other guidelines, but differed in terms of the emphasis on rapid effectiveness, which is often desirable in actual clinical situations. The major limitation of the KMAP‐BP is that it is a consensus‐based rather than an evidence‐based tool. Nevertheless, it may confer advantages in actual clinical practice.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Considering the better tactile performance (pleasantness) of different materials for example, leather, fur, feather, and so on, which are known to be the tribopositive materials, herein, the ...tribo‐positive eggshell membrane (ESM) powders derived from waste eggshell were melt‐mixed with polypropylene (PP) to prepare a low‐cost ESM/PP biocomposite of enhanced tactile property. In this regard, in‐plane coefficient of friction (COF) has been examined and found a decreasing trend with increasing the ESM content which may consider towards improving the pleasantness of the composite, and which is due to the increase of surface smoothness and adhesion property laid by incorporation of polar ESM within the nonpolar PP matrix. However, the decrease of COF was not spontaneous. Alternatively, the increase of tribopositive character of the composite due to addition of tribopositive ESM within the tribonegative PP, as investigated by fabricating a single electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (STENG)‐like device made of the ESM/PP composite may be considered potential to realize the enhancement of touch‐feeling performance. The triboelectric results showed well‐correlation not only with the COF, but also with the thermal and mechanical properties of the composite. It is thus, prejudiced that triboelectric investigation can be used as a potential tool to realize/manage the touch‐feeling properties of different products.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Solution‐processed transition metal oxides (TMOs) prepared from complex ion precursors are developed as promising scalable interfacial layers for non‐fullerene organic photovoltaics (OPVs); however, ...challenges remain in achieving defect‐free and highly oriented metal‐oxygen networks without post‐deposition treatments due to the presence of residual organic metal‐binding ligands in films. Herein, the novel strategy that the problematic organic metal‐binding ligands in TMO precursors can be successfully eliminated by an anion‐induced catalytic reaction (ACR) at room temperature is demonstrated, in which the low‐level anions induce electron redistribution and instability of TMO precursors, expediting binding ligand removal during the hydrolysis reaction. The subsequent condensation process facilitates a dimensionally confined and continuous metal‐oxygen network with a 20‐fold increase in electrical conductivity (from 8.4 × 10−4 to 1.8 × 10−2 S m−1) and superior work function tunability (from 5.1 to 5.3 eV) compared to the pristine film. The ACR‐derived TMO thin film on top of a ternary PBDB‐TF:Y6:PC71BM photoactive layer enables an inverted device configuration with improved efficiency of 17.6%, as well as enhanced stability over 70% of the initial efficiency for up to 100 h AM 1.5G illumination.
A room temperature sol‐gel processed MoOx is developed for highly efficient and stable inverted organic photovoltaics via an anion‐induced catalytic reaction (ACR). The ACR‐derived MoOx thin film exhibits a defect‐free and highly oriented metal‐oxygen network without post‐treatment, enabling outstanding physical and electrical properties on top of the organic photoactive layer.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) are highly susceptible to the formation of metastable polymorphs that are often transformed by external stimuli. However, thermally reversible transformations in OSCs ...with stability have not been achieved due to weak van der Waals forces, and poor phase homogeneity and crystallinity. Here, a polymorph of a single crystalline 2,7‐dioctyl1 benzothieno3,2‐b1benzothio‐phene rod on a low molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (≈120k) that limits crystal coarsening during solvent vapor annealing is fabricated. Molecules in the polymorph lie down slightly toward the substrate compared to the equilibrium state, inducing an order of greater resistivity. During thermal cycling, the polymorph exhibits a reversible change in resistivity by 5.5 orders with hysteresis; this transition is stable toward bias and thermal cycling. Remarkably, varying cycling temperatures leads to diverse resistivities near room temperature, important for nonvolatile multivalue memories. These trends persist in the carrier mobility and on/off ratio of the polymorph field‐effect transistor. A combination of in situ grazing incident wide angle X‐ray scattering analyses, visualization for electronic and structural analysis simulations, and density functional theory calculations reveals that molecular tilt governs the charge transport characteristics; the polymorph transforms as molecules tilt, and thereby, only a homogeneous single‐crystalline phase appears at each temperature.
A polymorph of a single crystalline 2,7‐dioctyl1 benzothieno3,2‐b1benzothio‐phene rod, synthesized on a low molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) exhibits a reversible change in resistivity by 5.5 orders with hysteresis during thermal cycling. Varying cycling temperatures lead to diverse resistivities near room temperature, important for nonvolatile multivalue memories. The polymorph transforms as molecules tilt and thus, only a homogeneous single‐crystalline phase appears at each temperature.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To realize the commercialization of nonfullerene acceptor‐based efficient organic solar cells, a low‐cost and indium‐tin‐oxide‐free (ITO‐free) flexible electrode‐based module that can be produced by ...roll‐to‐roll production should be developed. However, the low surface energy of ITO‐free electrodes hinders the formation of a uniform charge transport layer through solution processing; this is the main cause of the efficiency drop. Herein, the realization of a highly uniform ZnO bilayer on an ultrathin Ag film‐based transparent electrode that is suitable for flexible substrates and large‐area organic photovoltaic (OPV) module fabrication is demonstrated. Based on the sputtered ZnO and blade‐coated ZnO nanoparticle‐based electron transport bilayer, large OPV module areas of 528.5 and 108 cm2 with high efficiencies of 7.67% and 9.15%, respectively, are achieved.
Remarkably large organic photovoltaic modules with areas of 528.5 and 108 cm2 that exhibit high power conversion efficiencies of 7.67% and 9.15%, respectively, are achieved on an indium‐tin‐oxide‐free flexible transparent electrode. The sputtered ZnO and blade‐coated ZnO nanoparticle bilayer for photovoltaic modules shows superior advantages, such as high uniformity, low‐temperature processing capabilities, and large‐area processability.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background and Aims Whether or not submucosal injection of a diluted epinephrine solution should be used to lift ampullary tumors during endoscopic snare papillectomy is unclear. This study aimed to ...investigate the clinical efficacy of a simple snaring method versus submucosal injection for papillectomy. Methods A prospective multicenter study was performed at 4 tertiary referral centers. Patients with papillary lesions were randomized to undergo either simple snare papillectomy (SSP) or submucosal injection papillectomy (SIP) using 1:10,000 diluted epinephrine. The main outcome measures were complete resection rate and post-papillectomy adverse events. Results A total of 50 patients with biopsy-proven papillary adenomas were enrolled. Complete resection rates in the SSP and SIP groups were 80.8% (21/26) and 50.0% (12/24), respectively ( P = .02). However, tumor persistence at 1 month (15.4% vs 8.3%, P = .62) and recurrence at 12 months (12.0% vs 9.5%, P = .58) did not differ despite initial differences in the prevalence of a positive resection margin. The mean tumor size was 12 mm in the SSP group and 9.29 mm in the SIP group. Post-papillectomy bleeding developed in 42.3% (11/26) and 45.8% (11/24) of patients, respectively ( P = .80). Delayed bleeding (>12 h) occurred in 27.3% (3/11) and 36.4% (4/11) of patients, respectively ( P = .50). Post-procedure pancreatitis occurred in 15.4% (4/26) and 25% (6/24) of patients, respectively ( P = .49). Pancreatitis severity did not differ between the groups, and there were no procedure-related mortalities. Conclusions Although the recurrence rate was similar between the SSP and SIP groups, SIP showed no advantage over SSP in terms of achieving complete resection or decreasing the frequency of post-papillectomy adverse events, such as bleeding. SSP may thus be a simpler and primarily recommendable technique. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02165852 .)
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Air pollution has a considerable impact on human beings among environmental problems. In particular, particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) is the biggest problem that ...threatens human health. In this work, we present a filter that removes PM2.5 at high efficiency with a low pressure-drop. A high surface area afforded by a two-dimensional nanomaterial of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a highly porous structure provided by rGO foam render the filter efficient and enable low pressure drop operation. The filter with the rGO foam formed on both sides of a copper mesh plays the role of removing the outdoor PM and at the same time purifying the indoor PM efficiently. Repeated regeneration and reuse with little loss of efficiency demonstrates the robustness of the filter. Additionally, its quality factor which represents overall efficiency was almost twice the best ever reported in the literature. With advantages such as simple fabrication, easy scaling-up, bidirectionality, and low power consumption, the filter presented here would exemplify the desirable set of characteristics for PM removal filters.
Limb-sparing surgery is one of the surgical options for dogs with distal radial osteosarcoma (OSA). This case report highlights the novel application of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed ...patient-specific polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) scaffold in limb-sparing surgery in a dog with distal radial OSA. The outcomes evaluated included postoperative gait analysis, complications, local recurrence of tumor, metastasis, and survival time. Post-operative gait evaluation showed significant improvement in limb function, including increased weight distribution and decreased asymmetry. The implant remained well in place and increased bone opacity was observed between the host bone and the scaffold. There was no complication due to scaffold or surgery. Significant improvement in limb function and quality of life was noted postoperatively. Local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis were identified at 8 weeks postoperatively. The survival time from diagnosis of OSA to death was 190 days. The PCL/β-TCP scaffold may be an effective alternative to cortical allograft in limb-sparing surgery for bone tumors.
Few studies have used a longitudinal approach to describe the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells longitudinally ...obtained from SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets. Landscape analysis of the lung immune microenvironment shows distinct changes in cell proportions and characteristics compared to uninfected control, at 2 and 5 days post-infection (dpi). Macrophages are classified into 10 distinct subpopulations with transcriptome changes among monocyte-derived infiltrating macrophages and differentiated M1/M2 macrophages, notably at 2 dpi. Moreover, trajectory analysis reveals gene expression changes from monocyte-derived infiltrating macrophages toward M1 or M2 macrophages and identifies a macrophage subpopulation that has rapidly undergone SARS-CoV-2-mediated activation of inflammatory responses. Finally, we find that M1 or M2 macrophages show distinct patterns of gene modules downregulated by immune-modulatory drugs. Overall, these results elucidate fundamental aspects of the immune response dynamics provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The risk factor for cholelithiasis include low physical activity. With an aging society, the number of bedridden patients who undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has increased, and ...cholelithiasis has often been found in these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors correlated with cholelithiasis in adults who underwent PEG. This retrospective single-center design study reviewed patients who underwent PEG and were confirmed to have cholelithiasis through imaging from March 1996 to December 2021. The investigated variables were age, sex, body mass index (BMI, kg/m
), cause of PEG insertion, initial physical activity status, laboratory findings on PEG insertion day, and incidence of acute cholecystitis. The differences between categorical and continuous variables were analyzed using Student's t test and chi-square test. We enrolled 576 eligible patients who underwent PEG insertion. A total of 161 patients were detected with cholelithiasis (28.0%). The overall independent risk factors for cholelithiasis in patients who underwent PEG insertion were increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and decreased physical activity status (bedridden state). The incidence of cholelithiasis was increased by up to 30.7%, especially in patients with bedridden status. However, the incidence of acute cholecystitis among cholelithiasis group was only 5.6%. BMI and total cholesterol were positively correlated with the size of gallbladder (GB) stones. One of the major risk factors for cholelithiasis is decreased physical activity, especially in patients who underwent PEG insertion. Abdominal imaging is recommended to confirm the presence of cholelithiasis and to consider prophylaxis for cholelithiasis, especially in bedridden patients with elevated initial CRP levels at the time of PEG insertion.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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