Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are very attractive due to their unique structural and surface features for energy storage applications. Motivated by the recent pioneering works demonstrating “the ...emergent pseudocapacitance of 2D nanomaterials,” the energy storage and nanoscience communities could revisit bulk layered materials though state‐of‐the‐art nanotechnology such as nanostructuring, nanoarchitecturing, and compositional control. However, no review has focused on the fundamentals, recent progress, and outlook on this new mechanism of 2D nanomaterials yet. In this study, the key aspects of emergent pseudocapacitors based on 2D nanomaterials are comprehensively reviewed, which covers the history, classification, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, electrochemical characteristics, and design guidelines of materials for extrinsically surface redox and intercalation pseudocapacitors. The structural and compositional controls of graphene and other carbon nanosheets, transition metal oxides and hydroxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal carbide/nitride on both microscopic and macroscopic levels will be particularly addressed, emphasizing the important results published since 2010. Finally, perspectives on the current impediments and future directions of this field are offered. Unlimited combinations and modifications of 2D nanomaterials can provide a rational strategy to overcome intrinsic limitations of existing materials, offering a new‐generation energy storage materials toward a high and new position in the Ragone plot.
The key aspects of emergent pseudocapacitors based on 2D nanomaterials are comprehensively reviewed, covering the history, classification, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, electrochemical characteristics, and design guidelines. Unlimited combinations and modifications of 2D nanomaterials provide a rational strategy to overcome intrinsic limitations of existing materials, offering new‐generation energy storage materials toward a high and new position in the Ragone plot.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Calf diarrhea is associated with enteric infections, and also provokes the overuse of antibiotics. Therefore, proper treatment of diarrhea represents a therapeutic challenge in livestock production ...and public health concerns. Here, we describe the ability of a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), to ameliorate diarrhea and restore gut microbial composition in 57 growing calves. We conduct multi-omics analysis of 450 longitudinally collected fecal samples and find that FMT-induced alterations in the gut microbiota (an increase in the family Porphyromonadaceae) and metabolomic profile (a reduction in fecal amino acid concentration) strongly correlate with the remission of diarrhea. During the continuous follow-up study over 24 months, we find that FMT improves the growth performance of the cattle. This first FMT trial in ruminants suggest that FMT is capable of ameliorating diarrhea in pre-weaning calves with alterations in their gut microbiota, and that FMT may have a potential role in the improvement of growth performance.
Herein, highly transparent, flexible, and ultrathin piezocomposite, in which electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) P(VDF‐TrFE) nanofibers (NFs) and aerosol‐synthesized ...single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are embedded in elastomer matrix, is fabricated. The P(VDF‐TrFE) NF mat is exploited as a piezoelectric layer of the piezocomposite while the SWCNT film is applied as a transparent conductive electrode thereof. The use of these 1D nanomaterials allows the piezocomposite not only to be high transparency along with low diffusion of light (i.e., haze factor) but also to exhibit enhanced mechanical properties. In addition, the coupling effect of piezo‐ and flexoelectricity exhibited from the electrospun NFs and the acid‐doping effect conducted on the SWCNTs facilitates a significant improvement in kinetic energy‐harvesting performance, leading to a maximum output voltage of 26.8 V. Moreover, electrospinning and aerosol chemical vapor deposition methods employed here are facile, scalable, and cost‐effective, thus are expected to accelerate the development of industrially feasible next‐generation wearable electronics.
Body‐attachable piezocomposite capable of harvesting and sensing human motion is fabricated. The combination of electrospun P(VDF‐TrFE) nanofiber mat and aerosol‐synthesized single‐walled carbon nanotube film enables one to achieve ultrathin, highly transparent, and mechanically durable piezocomposite. A piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) based on this piezocomposite demonstrates its feasibility as an energy‐harvestable haptic device for healthcare applications.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Three-dimensional (3D) cell printing systems allow the controlled and precise deposition of multiple cells in 3D constructs. Hydrogel materials have been used extensively as printable bioinks owing ...to their ability to safely encapsulate living cells. However, hydrogel-based bioinks have drawbacks for cell printing, e.g. inappropriate crosslinking and liquid-like rheological properties, which hinder precise 3D shaping. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the influence of various factors (e.g. bioink concentration, viscosity, and extent of crosslinking) on cell printing and established a new 3D cell printing system equipped with heating modules for the precise stacking of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based 3D cell-laden constructs. Because the pH-adjusted bioink isolated from native tissue is safely gelled at 37 °C, our heating system facilitated the precise stacking of dECM bioinks by enabling simultaneous gelation during printing. We observed greater printability compared with that of a non-heating system. These results were confirmed by mechanical testing and 3D construct stacking analyses. We also confirmed that our heating system did not elicit negative effects, such as cell death, in the printed cells. Conclusively, these results hold promise for the application of 3D bioprinting to tissue engineering and drug development.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mechanically resilient optoelectronic devices are relevant for a wide range of applications, including portable and wearable devices. Perovskite thin film‐based devices are a suitable choice for ...designing such resilient systems as it demonstrates high performance while preserving moderate mechanical compliance. Yet its mechanical property can be improved further by integrating the energy dissipation system and self‐healing ability into the thin film. Copolymers containing Lewis‐base functional groups, elastomer chains, and cyclic linkages are synthesized and introduced into the perovskite precursor. The polymers impart multifunctional effect of controlled crystal growth, defect passivation, protection against moisture, mechanical energy dissipation, and self‐recoverability. The polymer‐added perovskite solar cells are shown to provide a power conversion efficiency of 23.25% (a steady‐state efficiency of 22.61%), due to the strong coordinative covalent interaction between the polymer and the perovskite. An operational lifetime of solar cells under harsh conditions is also substantially extended by the polymer incorporation. Furthermore, the interchain hydrogen‐bond strength controlled by the cyclic linkage, and hybrid cross‐linked network formed within the thin film significantly improves the mechanical stability and self‐recoverability of the thin film. As a result, the devices demonstrate robustness under 2000 cyclic flex tests at a bending radius of 1 mm.
Newly designed copolymers with multi‐functionalities are synthesized and incorporated in perovskite solar cells to simultaneously improve device efficiency, stability, and mechanical resilience. The polymers form a hybrid cross‐linked network composed of mixed physical and chemical bonds within the perovskite thin film, which provides controlled crystal growth and surface defect passivation, as well as effective energy dissipation and self‐healing behaviors during and after mechanical deformation of devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Radiotherapy (RT) is a highly effective multimodal nonsurgical treatment that is essential for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, cell subpopulations displaying intrinsic ...radioresistance survive after RT. The reactivation of their proliferation and successful colonization at local or distant sites may increase the risk of poor clinical outcomes. Recently, radioresistant cancer cells surviving RT were reported to exhibit a more aggressive phenotype than parental cells, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
By investigating public databases containing CRC patient data, we explored potential radioresistance-associated signaling pathways. Then, their mechanistic roles in radioresistance were investigated through multiple validation steps using patient-derived primary CRC cells, human CRC cell lines, and CRC xenografts.
Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling was activated in radioresistant CRC tissues in correlation with local and distant metastases. JAK2 was preferentially overexpressed in the CRC stem cell subpopulation, which was accompanied by the phosphorylation of STAT proteins, especially STAT3. JAK2/STAT3 signaling played an essential role in promoting tumor initiation and radioresistance by limiting apoptosis and enhancing clonogenic potential. Mechanistically, the direct binding of STAT3 to the cyclin D2 (CCND2) promoter increased CCND2 transcription. CCND2 expression was required for persistent cancer stem cell (CSC) growth via the maintenance of an intact cell cycle and proliferation with low levels of DNA damage accumulation.
Herein, we first identified JAK2/STAT3/CCND2 signaling as a resistance mechanism for the persistent growth of CSCs after RT, suggesting potential biomarkers and regimens for improving outcomes among CRC patients.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Honeycomb-like nanoporous carbons are derived from lignin.•The S@n-hC shows the facile and reversible redox kinetics of sulfur.•Sulfur is confined in the micropores to inhibit polysulfide ...dissolution.•Nitrogen incorporation improves redox kinetics and utilisation of sulfur.•The S@n-hC achieves the improved performance of sulfur cathode.
Nitrogen-incorporated honeycomb-like nanoporous carbons (n-hC) are synthesized through the hydrothermal carbonization of a lignin precursor, subsequent KOH activation, and a post-doping process. The as-obtained n-hC exhibits a large surface area (2071 m2 g−1) and pore volume (1.11 cm3 g−1) and a high N content (3.47%). The n-hC is used as an S-hosting material with a mass loading of 64.1 wt% (S@n-hC) through the in situ redox reaction of Na2S2O3. The S@n-hC achieves a high initial discharge capacity of 1295.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and retains 647.2 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles, and shows excellent cycling stability (with the capacity fading of 0.05% per cycle over 900 cycles at 1C). The strong confinement of S in the N-incorporated micropores leads to the electrochemical and thermal stabilization of S, providing different redox environments. The facile and reversible redox kinetics of the S@n-hC are confirmed by deriving the lowest exchange current density and redox charge-transfer resistance from Tafel and Nyquist plots and through the prominent redox and charge/discharge profiles. The improved performance of the S@n-hC is attributed to the S confinement in the micropores, the honeycomb-like hierarchical structure, and the N incorporation for the inhibition of polysulfide dissolution and the efficient utilization of S.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Bone‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) is widely used in studies on bone regeneration because of its ability to provide a microenvironment of native bone tissue. However, a hydrogel, which is a main ...type of ECM application, is limited to use for bone graft substitutes due to relative lack of mechanical properties. The present study aims to fabricate a scaffold for guiding effective bone regeneration. A polycaprolactone (PCL)/beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP)/bone decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold capable of providing physical and physiological environment are fabricated using 3D printing technology and decoration method. PCL/β‐TCP/bone dECM scaffolds exhibit excellent cell seeding efficiency, proliferation, and early and late osteogenic differentiation capacity in vitro. In addition, outstanding results of bone regeneration are observed in PCL/β‐TCP/bone dECM scaffold group in the rabbit calvarial defect model in vivo. These results indicate that PCL/β‐TCP/bone dECM scaffolds have an outstanding potential as bone graft substitutes for effective bone regeneration.
Bone‐derived extracellular matrix (bone dECM) extracted from porcine bone tissue and 3D‐printed scaffolds are used for preparation of polycaprolactone/beta‐tricalcium phosphate/bone dECM scaffolds capable of providing a mechanical and physiological environment. The scaffolds display excellent cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo. Consequently, the scaffold can be used as a suitable bone graft substitute.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This study pioneers a chemical sensor based on surfactant‐free aerosol‐synthesized single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films for detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Unlike conventional CNTs, the ...SWCNTs used in this study exhibit one of the highest surface‐to‐volume ratios. They show minimal bundling without the need for surfactants and have the lowest number of defects among reported CNTs. Furthermore, the dry‐transferrable and facile one‐step lamination results in promising industrial viability. When applied to devices, the sensor shows excellent sensitivity (41.6% at 500 ppb), rapid response/recovery time (14.2/120.8 s), a remarkably low limit of detection (below ≈0.161 ppb), minimal noise, repeatability for more than 50 cycles without fluctuation, and long‐term stability for longer than 6 months. This is the best performance reported for a pure CNT‐based sensor. In addition, the aerosol SWCNTs demonstrate consistent gas‐sensing performance even after 5000 bending cycles, indicating their suitability for wearable applications. Based on experimental and theoretical analyses, the proposed aerosol CNTs are expected to overcome the limitations associated with conventional CNT‐based sensors, thereby offering a promising avenue for various sensor applications.
NO2 chemical sensors using aerosol‐synthesized single‐walled carbon nanotubes demonstrate unprecedently high sensitivity, ultrafast response/recovery, and low limit of detection. This is owing to the surfactant‐free and high quality of the carbon nanotubes in terms of the tube diameter uniformity, tube length, bundling, and defect density. Solvent‐free one‐step facile lamination and industrial viability of the nanotube film is an added benefit.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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