PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of consumers' intention to adopt or continue to use Internet-only banks based on the benefit–risk framework and network externality ...theory. It also examines the difference in the determinants between pre- and postadoption stages of innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed research model was tested by using online survey data collected from a South Korean sample, which was divided into two subgroups of 321 nonadopters and 351 existing users.FindingsIn both pre- and postadoption stages, the number of services provided and trust had a significant positive impact on consumers' behavioral intentions, while security risks had a negative impact. Critical mass in the preadoption stage and convenience and economic efficiency in the postadoption stage had positive effects on consumer's adoption intention and continuance intention, respectively.Practical implicationsInternet-only banks must reduce the security risks for consumers and increase their trust. In addition, to facilitate the adoption of nonadopters, focus should be on securing a critical mass; on the other hand, to promote the continued use of existing users, the focus should be on enhancing benefits such as convenience and economic efficiency.Originality/valueThe results of this study confirm the influence of network externalities on consumers' adoption and use of financial technology services and show differences in consumer decision-making according to the innovation diffusion process.
This study empirically explored consumers’ response to the personalization–privacy paradox arising from the use of location-based mobile commerce (LBMC) and investigated the factors affecting ...consumers’ psychological and behavioral reactions to the paradox. A self-administered online consumer survey was conducted using a South Korean sample comprising those with experience using LBMC, and data from 517 respondents were analyzed. Using cluster analysis, consumers were categorized into four groups according to their responses regarding perceived personalization benefits and privacy risks: indifferent (n = 87), personalization oriented (n = 113), privacy oriented (n = 152), and ambivalent (n = 165). The results revealed significant differences across consumer groups in the antecedents and outcomes of the personalization–privacy paradox. Multiple regression analysis showed that factors influence the two outcome variables of the personalization–privacy paradox: internal conflict (psychological outcome) and continued use intention of LBMC (behavioral outcome). In conclusion, this study showed that consumer involvement, self-efficacy, and technology optimism significantly affected both outcome variables, whereas technology insecurity influenced internal conflict, and consumer trust influenced continued use intention. This study contributes to the current literature and provides practical implications for marketers and retailers aiming to succeed in the mobile commerce environment.
•Explores psychological and behavioral outcomes of personalization-privacy paradox.•Identifies clusters based on privacy risk and personalization benefit perceptions.•The ambivalent group was the largest implying consumer dilemma in LBMC use.•The ambivalent group had the highest level of internal conflict and use intention.•Self-efficacy, involvement, and trust are key factors for stable LBMC use.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This study examined the factors affecting university students' resistance and intention to use of mobile learning by developing an integrated research model that combines innovation diffusion theory ...(IDT) and model of innovation resistance (MIR). We added the concepts of inertia and innovativeness to shed light on the personal aspects of students' adoption of mobile learning. Data were collected from a self–administered online survey of South Korean university students (N = 493). Structural equation results revealed that relative advantage, complexity, and inertia had significant effects on students' mobile learning resistance, with inertia being the most significant. Relative advantage, innovativeness, and mobile learning resistance had significant effects on students’ intention to use mobile learning, with relative advantage being the most significant. Furthermore, mobile learning resistance was found to mediate the effects of relative advantage and complexity on intention to use mobile learning. The results provide valuable implications for researchers and educational practitioners to develop and implement appropriate strategies for mobile learning.
•Examines the factors affecting students' resistance and use of mobile learning.•Inertia had most significant effects on students' mobile learning resistance.•Relative advantage had most significant effects on intention to use of mobile learning.•Resistance mediates the effects of independent variables on mobile learning adoption.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
After three reviews, the FDA approved flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, concluding that efficacy had been established but requiring a boxed warning, an alcohol ...contraindication, and a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy.
Was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of flibanserin (Addyi) for treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women long overdue? Or was it an error? In the face of divergent views, we at the FDA think it's important to clarify why flibanserin was approved after being rejected twice.
HSDD is characterized by reduced sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty and is not accounted for by coexisting conditions, use of medications, or relationship problems. At a 2014 meeting, the FDA heard from some women about the condition's effects on . . .
Various X-ray techniques are employed to investigate specimens in diverse fields. Generally, scattering and absorption/emission processes occur due to the interaction of X-rays with matter. The ...output signals from these processes contain structural information and the electronic structure of specimens, respectively. The combination of complementary X-ray techniques improves the understanding of complex systems holistically. In this context, we introduce a multiplex imaging instrument that can collect small-/wide-angle X-ray diffraction and X-ray emission spectra simultaneously to investigate morphological information with nanoscale resolution, crystal arrangement at the atomic scale and the electronic structure of specimens.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The general consensus is that CYP3A is the major enzyme for oxidative metabolism of EE and the commonly used progestins, including NET, LNG, NGM, and DRSP. ...most DDI studies assessing the effect of ...other drugs on the exposure of COCs have been conducted based on the possible interaction via CYP3A. In addition to CYP3A inhibition, atazanavir‐mediated inhibitory effect on UGT1A1 may contribute to this interaction. ...observation of more pronounced effects of atazanavir on the systemic exposure of NET may be explained by dual inhibition of CYP3A and UGT1A1. ...there has been no clinical evidence that ketoconazole or boceprevir inhibit other metabolic enzymes of DRSP, including reductases and sulfotransferases based on our literature search. ...contradictory to the in vitro data, the results of clinical DDI studies with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors ketoconazole and boceprevir indicated the contribution of CYP3A to the metabolism of DRSP. ...nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor can mediate the regulation of some aldo‐keto reductase, which may play an important role in the biotransformation of NET, LNG, and DRSP. ...significant decrease in the exposure of EE and progestins in the presence of these inducers is likely attributed to induction on multiple metabolizing enzymes of steroid hormones including CYP3A, aldo‐keto reductase, UGT, and SULT.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Herein, we present the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Research and Standards’ current thinking, challenges, and opportunities for comparative clinical endpoint bioequivalence (BE) ...studies of orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs). Given the product‐associated complexities of OIDPs, the FDA currently uses an aggregate weight‐of‐evidence approach to demonstrate that a generic OIDP is bioequivalent to its reference listed drug. The approach utilizes comparative clinical endpoint BE or pharmacodynamic BE studies, pharmacokinetic BE studies, and in vitro BE studies to demonstrate equivalence, in addition to formulation sameness and device similarity. For the comparative clinical endpoint BE studies, metrics based on forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) are often the recommended clinical endpoints. However, the use of FEV1 can pose a challenge due to its large variability and a relatively flat dose‐response relationship for most OIDPs. The utility of applying dose‐scale analysis was also investigated by the FDA but often not recommended, due to either flat dose‐response relationships or insufficient clinical study data. As a potential way to reduce sample size, we found adapting covariate analysis only explained a limited portion of the variation based on further investigation. The FDA continues to develop alternative methods to make BE assessment of OIDPs more cost‐ and time‐efficient. Prospective generic drug applicants and academia are encouraged to participate in this effort by proposing new approaches in pre‐abbreviated new drug application meeting requests and collaborating in the form of grants and contracts under the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA) Regulatory Science and Research Program.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Mobile payment is an emerging and important application for e-commerce and traditional offline commerce. This study investigates the determinants of the intention to use mobile payment services (MPS) ...and the extent to which these relationships are moderated by gender. For this purpose, a conceptual model is proposed by extending the UTAUT model with perceived risk. Data are from a web-based survey conducted using South Korean consumers (n = 528). Structural equation results reveal that performance expectancy and social influence have a positive effect on the intention to use MPS, whereas privacy risk has a negative effect. Gender was found to moderate two paths in the model, such that a high level of facilitating conditions increased the intention to use MPS for males but not for females, whereas privacy risk decreased the intention to use MPS for females but not for males. Theoretical and managerial implications for researchers and marketing practitioners are also discussed.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
Dangkwisoo-san (DS) is a traditional Korean herbal medicine used to treat traumatic diseases, including pulmonary contusions, traumatic pneumothorax, bruising, and ankle sprain. Quality control (QC) ...biomarkers for DS can help ensure its safety and efficacy. Although chemical quality assessments are performed to ensure consistent efficacy of DS, the identity and quantity of the compounds contained within a given natural product is a frequent complication. We conducted a literature review to identify biological assays that support the chemical QC of DS. The results of our investigation confirmed that in vitro experiments with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of DS exhibited positive effects on many aspects of treatment. With 80% EtOH extraction, a low concentration of DS (1 μg/ml) significantly diminished the expression of inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in the Raw264.7 cell line. MeOH extracts activated NRF2 and antioxidant activities in response to the inflammatory inducer LPS, and water extracts of DS remarkably reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels compared to dexamethasone and cyclosporin treatments. Aqueous extracts of DS at a moderate dose of 125 μg/ml supported bone regeneration, recovered ischemic injury in an eNOS-dependent manner, and prevented metabolic disorders (TRPM7 channel inhibition). Cytokines, NO, and immunoglobulins are potential biological QC biomarkers to assess the anti-inflammation and immune response to DS. Future quality evaluation studies of herbal medicines (herbal prescriptions) should aim to select the mechanism-based in vitro efficacy evaluation methods that can estimate consistent clinical effects.
Electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) technique has been widely used to determine kinetic properties of mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs). However, this technique is only applicable ...for reliable determination of kinetic parameters within a confined range of chemical Biot numbers. Since the kinetic properties of the materials are not known a priori, this imposes great difficulties on how to verify the obtained kinetic parameters from obtained ECR data. Further due to the ill-posed nature of ECR problem, the measurement noise could lead to significant uncertainties in the determined kinetic parameters. Herein a generalized ECR (g-ECR) approach is developed by coherently incorporating multiple ECR measurements simultaneously into an inverse algorithm. This new approach is able to improve the accuracy of calculated kinetic parameters and attenuate uncertainties induced by measurement noise over a wider range of chemical Biot numbers than the ECR approach with a single measurement. The capability of both reducing uncertainties and increasing the range of chemical Biot numbers for accurate parameter determination can be achieved by increasing the number of employed ECR measurement responses. A case study of ECR measurement for PrBa(Co0.75Fe0.25)2O5+δ is performed in a mixture gas of N2/Air at 600°C. The kinetic parameters are determined and evaluated using this g-ECR approach. The rationality of using g-ECR approach instead of ECR approach is verified.
•Generalized electrical conductivity relaxation (g-ECR) strategy is developed to increase the range of chemical Biot numbers for accurate parameter determination and attenuate uncertainties;•The algorithm is designed to extract electrochemical kinetic properties of MIECs;•ECR of PrBa(Co0.75Fe0.25)2O5+δ is measured and the kinetic parameters are determined and evaluated using the g-ECR approach;•The rationality of using g-ECR approach instead of ECR approach is verified.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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