Osteoporosis is a serious health problem in both Caucasians and Asians. Caucasians and Asians are two distinct major ethnic groups, which may have differential genetic determination underlying ...complex genetic diseases such as osteoporosis. However, to date, there has been no systematic review focusing on the aspect of ethnic difference in risk to osteoporosis and its potential underlying genetic determination between Asians and Caucasians. Here, we firstly review diverse aspects of osteoporosis-related differences, including the differences of epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures, peak bone mass, bone loss, bone area, bone geometry and drug treatment response between Asians and Caucasians. Then, we provide some potential genetic evidence on the different heritability and inheritance mode of bone phenotypes, the different osteoporosis candidate genes and the differential results in related molecular studies between them, to explain the above osteoporosis-related phenotypic differences. The results suggest that the osteoporosis-related phenotypic differences between Asians and Caucasians may be partially the result of the different ethnic genetic background. The present review may increase our understanding of potential different mechanisms related to ethnicity in pathogenesis of osteoporosis for effective and potentially customized treatments in different major ethnic groups.
A high-performance polysilicon contacted shallow junction diode formed by using a stacked-amorphous-silicon (SAS) film as the diffusion source is reported. The diode exhibited a very low leakage ...current (<or=1 nA/cm/sup 2/ at -5 V), a very high breakdown voltage (>or=100 V), and a forward ideality factor m<or=1.05 over seven decades.< >
A series of asymmetric methide anion based ionic liquids containing nitrile groups have been synthesized for the first time using the method of ion‐exchange between sodium/potassium methide and ...various quaternary bromide/chloride salts of trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, N‐methylpyrrolidine, and N‐methylimidazole. All of the functionalised ionic liquids were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The decomposition temperature of the ionic liquids measured via TGA ranged from 219 to 339 °C. The functionalised ionic liquid, BmimC(CN)2COCH3, was used as a ligand for Suzuki coupling reaction. The yields of the coupling reaction increased 10% –15% by the addition of the functionalised ionic liquid, BmimC(CN)2COCH3.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background and purpose: tRNA-derived fragments (tRF) are a kind of short non-coding RNA (14-30 nt) that influences the course of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the molecular pathways that ...might underlie the effects of tRF-Pro-CGG on the biological behavior of mouse pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR) was used to assess the expression of tRF-Pro-CGG in mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines pan02 and LTPA, human pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-2, and normal pancreatic cells HPDE6-C7. tRF-Pro-CGG overexpression in pan02 cells and LTPA cell suppression were achieved through lentiviral transfection, and RTFQ-PCR and Western blot were used to determine overexpression and knockdown effects. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion ability. The effect of tRF-Pro-CGG on the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer transplantation tumors in nude mice model was investigated. H-E staining was used to observe the histopathological structure of transplantation tumors. Western blot was used to detect the expression and phosphorylation of proliferation-related protein Ki-67 and metastasis-related proteins. Western blot was used to assess the expressions of cadherin, vimentin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway protein and phosphorylation in transplanted tumor tissues. Results: tRF-Pro-CGG expression was lowest in the mouse pancreatic cancer cell line pan02. Both mRNA and protein expression levels of tRF-Pro-CGG were significantly increased (P <0.01) after transfection of tRF-Pro-CGG mimics in pan02 cells, and cell proliferation ability (P<0.01), cell migration (P<0.001) and invasion ability (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. A significant decrease in the volume (P<0.01) and weight (P<0.001) of transplanted tumors in nude mice was observed, and significant necrotic and apoptotic cells in transplanted tumor were identified. In transplanted tumor tissues of nude mice, the Ki-67 proliferatien index and expression of vimentin were significantly decreased (P<0.001), while E-cadherin was increased (P<0.001). The expressions of PI3K, P-PI3K, AKT and P-AKT were significantly decreased (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of liver metastases from pancreatic cancer (P>0.05). The mouse pancreatic cancer cell line LTPA had the greatest level of tRF-Pro-CGG expression. The mRNA and protein expression levels of tRF-Pro-CGG were significantly reduced (P<0.01) after transfection of tRF-Pro-CGG inhibitor in LTPA cells. The proliferation ability of cells was significantly increased (P<0.01), the migration of cells (P<0.001) and invasive ability (P<0.001) were significantly increased. The volume (P<0.01) and weight (P<0.01) of transplanted tumors in nude mice were significantly increased, and a limited proportion of necrotic and apoptotic cells were seen in nude mice tumor tissues implanted. In the transplanted tumor tissues of nude mice, the Ki-67 proliferation index and expression of vimentin were significantly increased (P<0.001), while E-cadherin was decreased (P<0.001). The expressions of PI3K, P-PI3K, AKT, and P-AKT were significantly increased (P<0.001). There was no difference in the number of liver metastases from pancreatic cancer (P>0.05). Conclusion: Overexpression of tRF-Pro-CGG reduced pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in mice, slowed the formation of pancreatic cancer transplanted tumors in nude mice, and decreased Ki-67 proliferation index and expression of vimentin and PI3K/AKT phosphorylation levels. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may be regulated by tRF-Pro-CGG, which may suppress the development of pancreatic cancer.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the magnitude of genetic determination of spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass index (BMI), and to explore the genetic, ...environmental, and phenotypic correlations among the above phenotypes in Chinese Han ethnicity. The sample was composed of at least 217 complete nuclear families in Chinese Han ethnicity. BMD at the spine and hip was measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. The heritability (h2) of BMI and BMD at the spine and hip, the genetic correlation (rhoG) and environmental correlation (rhoE) among the three phenotypes were evaluated via variance analysis, with age, sex, and age-by-sex interaction as covariates. The phenotypic correlation (rhoP) and the bivariate heritability rhoG2 were also calculated. The heritability for BMD and BMI was approximately 0.70 and approximately 0.50, respectively (p<0.0001). The common environment shared by household members (household effect) is significant for BMI variation (p=0.0004). Significant genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlation was observed. The rhoG2 values were 0.13 for BMI/spine BMD, 0.18 for BMI/hip BMD, and 0.58 for the spine BMD/hip BMD. While BMD at the spine and hip have significant genetic determination, BMI is more likely to be affected by environmental factors than BMD. In addition, BMD at the spine and hip shares more genetic effect (pleiotropy) than BMI and BMD do in Chinese Han ethnicity, though the effects are significant for both.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this work, a procedure for estimating kinetic parameters in biochemically structured models was developed. The approach is applicable when the structure of a kinetic model has been set up and the ...kinetic parameters should be estimated. The procedure consists of five steps. First, initial values were found in or calculated from literature. Hereafter using sensitivity analysis the most sensitive parameters were identified. In the third step physiological knowledge was combined with the parameter sensitivities to manually tune the most sensitive parameters. In step four, a global optimisation routine was applied for simultaneous estimation of the most sensitive parameters identified during the sensitivity analysis. Regularisation was included in the simultaneous estimation to reduce the effect of insensitive parameters. Finally, confidence intervals for the estimated parameters were calculated. This parameter estimation approach was demonstrated on a biochemically structured yeast model containing 11 reactions and 37 kinetic constants as a case study.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In this study, various cleaning solutions containing chelating agents with carboxyl acid group (-COOH), such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid, were developed for ...post-poly-Si CMP cleaning. The chelating agent and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were simultaneously added into 2% ammonium hydroxide alkaline solution to promote the removal efficiency on particles and metallic impurities. The effectiveness of various cleaning recipes and their interaction mechanism with the poly-Si surface were studied. We could explain the surface behavior of various cleaning solutions by the different molecular size and charge of chelating agents. Based on the mechanism, the behavior of surface particle and metallic impurity can be realized. The co-existence of TMAH with citric acid or oxalic acid in the alkaline cleaning solutions can significantly enhance the electrical properties of capacitors.
Trivalent chromium–titanium (Cr(III)–Ti-based) coatings were prepared on a 6063 Al alloy by using chromic potassium sulfate and titanium(IV) oxysulfate to improve corrosion resistance. Polarization ...curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of the Cr(III)–Ti-based coatings formed with different titanium oxysulfate concentrations. The polarization curves show that the coatings formed in 2.5g·L−1 to 4.5g·L−1 titanium(IV) oxysulfate solution have a lower corrosion current density (icorr) than the coatings without titanium and the bare aluminum alloy. EIS found that the Cr(III)–Ti-based coatings have a better protective effect. The morphology, composition, and valence state of the coatings were examined by using a scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The morphology of the Cr–Ti-based coatings remains almost unchanged, and the coatings consist mainly of Cr, Ti, P, and O after the addition of titanium(IV) oxysulfate. The SEM results are consistent with electrochemical phenomena. XPS analysis reveals that the Cr is in a Cr3+ state and Ti is in a Ti4+ state in the coatings.
► Cr(III)–Ti-based coatings were prepared on a 6063 Al alloy. ► Ti was incorporated into the Cr(III) coatings. ► The anticorrosion properties were enhanced by Cr(III)–Ti-based coatings. ► No significant effect on the morphology of the coatings was found. ► The Cr element in the coatings is in a Cr3+ state whereas Ti is in a Ti4+ state.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Using a cell model system established by ectopic expression of a soluble TGFβ type III receptor (sRIII) containing the whole extracellular domain of the type III receptor in human breast cancer ...MDA-MB-231 cells, we observed that the expression of sRIII antagonized TGFβ activity and inhibited both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cell growth. Further studies revealed that sRIII expression induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with TGFβ neutralizing antibodies or a recombinant human sRIII also induced apoptosis in the MDA-MB-231 parental cells, suggesting that the increased apoptosis after sRIII expression was specifically due to antagonization of autocrine TGFβ signaling. Western blotting showed that sRIII clones had a higher PTEN expression level than the control cells did. Treatment with TGFβ1 decreased PTEN and inhibited apoptosis in sRIII cells to a level similar to that in the control cells. sRIII clones also showed a lower level of phosphorylated-Akt than the control cells, consistent with the inhibitory activity of PTEN on Akt activation. Treatment with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of Akt activator, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, also induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in the control cells. Our results suggest that autocrine TGFβ signaling is necessary for the growth and survival of MDA-MB-231 cells.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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