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•An anammox-UASB reactor was run under periodic temperature changes.•The NRR reached 9.15 ± 0.35 kg N/m3/d at low and intermediate temperatures.•A larger biomass may be resistant to ...the influence of temperature changes.•The dominant anammox bacteria changed from Brocadia to Kuenenia species.
An anaerobic ammonium oxidation-upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (anammox-UASB) reactor was operated without temperature control during the four seasons and was therefore subjected to natural periodic temperature variations between 9 and 28 ℃. The anammox reactor had a high nitrogen removal ability at intermediate and low temperatures. The total nitrogen (TN) concentration of the influent increased from 200 to 1200 mg/L, the nitrogen removal efficiency was maintained at 90%, and the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) increased to 9.15 ± 0.35 kg N/m3/d. The enrichment of anammox bacteria in the UASB granular sludge reached 53.8%, and the dominant bacteria changed from Candidatus Brocadia to Candidatus Kuenenia after several seasons of cultivation. Dynamics analysis revealed that the maximum reaction rate of the anammox-UASB sludge was 62.5 kg N/m3/d, reflecting the high potential nitrogen removal ability of the reactor.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in mammalian cells and the best-studied epitranscriptomic mark. Despite the development of various tools to map m6A, a ...transcriptome-wide method that enables absolute quantification of m6A at single-base resolution is lacking. Here we use glyoxal and nitrite-mediated deamination of unmethylated adenosines (GLORI) to develop an absolute m6A quantification method that is conceptually similar to bisulfite-sequencing-based quantification of DNA 5-methylcytosine. We apply GLORI to quantify the m6A methylomes of mouse and human cells and reveal clustered m6A modifications with differential distribution and stoichiometry. In addition, we characterize m6A dynamics under stress and examine the quantitative landscape of m6A modification in gene expression regulation. GLORI is an unbiased, convenient method for the absolute quantification of the m6A methylome.The m6A modification is mapped transcriptome-wide at single-base resolution in mammalian cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Saposhnikovia divaricata
(Turcz.) Schischk., a perennial herb belonging to the family
Umbelliferae
, is widely distributed in Northeast Asia. Its dried root (
Radix Saposhnikoviae
) is used as a ...Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of immune system, nervous system, and respiratory diseases. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that the main constituents of
S. divaricata
are chromones, coumarins, acid esters, and polyacetylenes, and these compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antitumor, and immunoregulatory activities. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botanical characterization and distribution, traditional use and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of
S. divaricata
for further study concerning its mechanism of action and development of better therapeutic agents and health products from
S. divaricata
.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The core purpose of cancer immunotherapy is the sustained activation and expansion of the tumor specific T cells, especially tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Currently, one of the ...main foci of immunotherapy involving nano-sized carriers is on cancer vaccines and the role of professional antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and other phagocytic immune cells. Besides the idea that cancer vaccines promote T cell immune responses, targeting immune inhibitory pathways with nanoparticle delivered regulatory agents such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the difficultly-transfected tumor-infiltrating T cells may provide more information on the utility of nanoparticle-mediated cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we constructed nanoparticles to deliver cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4)-siRNA (NPsiCTLA-4) and showed the ability of this siRNA delivery system to enter T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, T cell activation and proliferation were enhanced after NPsiCTLA-4 treatment in vitro. The ability of direct regulation of T cells of this CTLA-4 delivery system was assessed in a mouse model bearing B16 melanoma. Our results demonstrated that this nanoparticle delivery system was able to deliver CTLA-4-siRNA into both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets at tumor sites and significantly increased the percentage of anti-tumor CD8+ T cells, while it decreased the ratio of inhibitory T regulatory cells (Tregs) among tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), resulting in augmented activation and anti-tumor immune responses of the tumor-infiltrating T cells. These data support the use of potent nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapy for melanoma.
T cell mediated immunotherapy is an effective treatment option for malignant melanoma. It is critical for such immunotherapy to obtain a sufficient number of functional/activated T cells. However, CTLA-4 plays a potent inhibitory role in T cell activation and proliferation, which significantly curbs T cell-mediated tumor rejection. Hence, we investigated a method to exploit a nanoparticle delivery system to efficiently deliver siRNA (NPsiCTLA-4) targeting an immune checkpoint molecule, i.e. cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4, to manipulate or modulate tumor-infiltrating T cells and to assess the effects of NPsiCTLA4 on the blockade of CTLA-4 and the resulting enhancement of T cell mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy. Display omitted
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Background This study aimed to identify long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) from the rumen tissue in dairy cattle, explore their features including expression and conservation levels, and reveal potential ...links between lncRNA and complex traits that may indicate important functional impacts of rumen lncRNA during the transition to the weaning period. Results A total of six cattle rumen samples were taken with three replicates from before and after weaning periods, respectively. Total RNAs were extracted and sequenced with lncRNA discovered based on size, coding potential, sequence homology, and known protein domains. As a result, 404 and 234 rumen lncRNAs were identified before and after weaning, respectively. However, only nine of them were shared under two conditions, with 395 lncRNAs found only in pre-weaning tissues and 225 only in post-weaning samples. Interestingly, none of the nine common lncRNAs were differentially expressed between the two weaning conditions. LncRNA averaged shorter length, lower expression, and lower conservation scores than the genome overall, which is consistent with general lncRNA characteristics. By integrating rumen lncRNA before and after weaning with large-scale GWAS results in cattle, we reported significant enrichment of both pre- and after-weaning lncRNA with traits of economic importance including production, reproduction, health, and body conformation phenotypes. Conclusions The majority of rumen lncRNAs are uniquely expressed in one of the two weaning conditions, indicating a functional role of lncRNA in rumen development and transition of weaning. Notably, both pre- and post-weaning lncRNA showed significant enrichment with a variety of complex traits in dairy cattle, suggesting the importance of rumen lncRNA for cattle performance in the adult stage. These relationships should be further investigated to better understand the specific roles lncRNAs are playing in rumen development and cow performance.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Thermoelectric performances of free-standing polythiophene (PT) and poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT) nanofilms with high tensile strength electrosynthesized from boron trifluoride diethyl etherate ...(BFEE) are systematically investigated. They display decent electric conductivity (47 and 73 S . cm-1), high Seebeck coefficient (130 and 76 Delta *m V . K-1) and low thermal conductivity (0.17 and 0.15 W . m-1 . K-1) at room temperature. Their figure of merit can reach 3.0 X 10-2 at 250K, higher than that of many other conducting polymers. The decrease of charge carrier concentration resulting from volatile and water-sensitive dopants from BFEE leads to the decrease of electrical conductivity but a substantial increase of the Seebeck coefficient, making their figure-of-merit values maintained at more than 10-2 even after prolonged storage (two months). Moreover, free-standing PT and PMeT exhibit much better thermoelectric performances than those in pressed pellets due to the good arrangement of the polymer chains and preferably oriented structure in films. It therefore provides a way to improve the thermoelectric performances of conducting polymers by controlling regularity of the extended conjugated chain structure and/or the chain packing to achieve high charge mobility.
Significant progress has been made in nanomaterial-modified electrodes for highly efficient electroanalysis of arsenic(III) (As(III)). However, the modifiers prepared using some physical methods may ...easily fall off, and active sites are not uniform, causing the potential instability of the modified electrode. This work first reports a promising practical strategy without any modifiers via utilizing only soluble Fe
as a trigger to detect trace-level As(III) in natural water. This method reaches an actual detection limit of 1 ppb on bare glassy carbon electrodes and a sensitivity of 0.296 μA ppb
with excellent stability. Kinetic simulations and experimental evidence confirm the codeposition mechanism that Fe
is preferentially deposited as Fe
, which are active sites to adsorb As(III) and H
on the electrode surface. This facilitates the formation of AsH
, which could further react with Fe
to produce more As
and Fe
. Meanwhile, the produced Fe
can also accelerate the efficient enrichment of As
. Remarkably, the proposed sensing mechanism is a general rule for the electroanalysis of As(III) that is triggered by iron group ions (Fe
, Fe
, Co
, and Ni
). The interference analysis of coexisting ions (Cu
, Zn
, Al
, Hg
, Cd
, Pb
, SO
, NO
, Cl
, and F
) indicates that only Cu
, Pb
, and F
showed inhibitory effects on As(III) due to the competition of active sites. Surprisingly, adding iron power effectively eliminates the interference of Cu
in natural water, achieving a higher sensitivity for 1-15 ppb As(III) (0.487 μA ppb
). This study provides effective solutions to overcome the potential instability of modified electrodes and offers a practical sensing platform for analyzing other heavy-metal anions.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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•Biochar prepared by iron-rich fermented sludge improved methane yield by 23.4%.•The electro-activity properties of EPS were up-regulated by prepared biochar.•Electroactive ...microorganisms were enriched and DIET might be established.•CO2-reduction and acetoclastic methanogenesis pathways were both promoted.•The proposed route realized stepwise resource recovery and final disposal of WAS.
Anaerobic biological treatment of waste activated sludge (WAS) is proven as a low-carbon footprint technology with dual advantages of bio-fuel recovery and sludge stabilization. However, sludge residue after anaerobic biological treatment has been a serious obstacle to build waste-free cities. In this study, sludge residue, iron-rich sludge residue, and iron-rich fermented sludge residue were selected as the raw materials of biochar and the roles of prepared biochar in anaerobic digestion of WAS were investigated. Results indicated that the prepared biochar improved methane production and biochar derived from iron-rich fermented sludge residue (PFF-BC) obtained the best performance, with an increment of 23.4%. Mechanism analysis illustrated that the structural characteristics of PFF-BC were updated, including iron species, defect levels, and specific surface area, which played positive roles in the conversion of intermediate metabolites. Meanwhile, the compositions and electro-activity properties of extracellular polymeric substances were both stimulated by PFF-BC. Correspondingly, the activities of electron transport system and cytochrome c increased by 23.4% and 36.7%, respectively. For microbial communities, the abundances of electroactive microorganisms (such as Anaerolineaceae, Syntrophomonas and Methanosaeta) increased and direct interspecies electron transfer might be established, improving CO2-reduction and acetoclastic methanogenesis pathways. These findings will provide important references for stepwise resource recovery and final disposal of WAS.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Mammalian lignans are phytoestrogens with important bioactivities, and their concentrations in livestock milk may influence the health of consumers. This research aimed to establish a method to ...quantify multiple mammalian lignans in the biofluids of dairy sheep using ultra-HPLC-triple quadropole mass spectrometry with multiple-reaction monitoring. Secoisolariciresinol, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-1,4-butanediol, enterodiol (ED), enterolactone (EL), ED-sulfate (ED-S), and EL-sulfate (EL-S) were purified from the urine of flaxseed cake–fed dairy sheep. The structures of these lignans were identified by a combination of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. These purified lignans were used as standards to optimize their quantification conditions in urine, milk, and plasma of dairy sheep. On this basis, the lignan metabolites in biofluids were quantified. To improve analysis sensitivity, plasma and milk were pretreated with acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid and passed through a HybridSPE-PL 55261-U column (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA). The limit of quantification of the lignans ranged from 1.43 to 18.3 ng/mL in plasma, and from 1.01 to 18.7 ng/mL in milk. The linearity of the calibration curves ranged from their limit of quantification to at least 217 ng/mL in plasma, and 217 ng/mL in milk. Regression coefficient of the calibration curves were above 0.99 for secoisolariciresinol, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-1,4-butanediol, ED, EL, ED-S, and EL-S, indicating satisfactory relationships between the peak areas and concentrations in the quantification range. The relative concentrations of ED-glucuronide and EL-glucuronide (EL-G) in different biofluids were compared based on their chromatogram peak areas. The sheep plasma contained all forms of mammalian lignans (i.e., ED, EL, ED-S, EL-S, ED-glucuronide, and EL-G.); the urine contained ED, EL, ED-S, and EL-S; and the milk contained ED, EL, ED-S, EL-S, and EL-G. Milk-to-plasma concentration ratios of the mammalian lignans indicated that the free forms were more permeable than the sulfated conjugates. Mammalian lignans found in sheep plasma and milk may provide health benefits to the sheep and sheep-product consumers. The analytical method established in this work could be used to quantify mammalian lignans in livestock products.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The difficulty in delineating the glioma margins in brain is a major obstacle for its completed resection, which leads to the disproportionately high recurrence and mortality. Besides the fast ...exertion rate, inadequate sensitivity and non‐targeting specificity, the main reason leading to failure of small molecular probes to define gliomas is their incapability to efficiently cross the blood brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Nanoprobes (NPs) show promise to precisely delineate the geographically irregular tumor margins due to their tunable size/circulation lifetime that maximize their passive intratumoral accumulation and their convenience for surface modification that increases the BBTB transcytosis efficacy, imaging sensitivity and receptor targeting specificity. In this work, the characteristics of the BBTB are addressed from biological and physiological perspectives, strategies are presented to deliver NPs across the BBTB, recent developments of NPs are reviewed for glioma visualization and finally the difficulty and promise for clinical translation of NPs are described. Overall, NPs hold great potential for glioma imaging and treatment by pre‐surgically delineating tumor margins and intra‐operatively guiding tumor excision.
The difficulty to precisely delineate the irregular margins of malignant gliomas leads to their incomplete resection and disproportionately high recurrence and mortality. Nanoprobes show promise in visualizing gliomas with up‐regulated sensitivity, targeting specificity and intracerebral delivery efficiency. This Review addresses recent developments in the field of nanoprobes to define gliomas by crossing the blood brain tumor barrier.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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