Plants are sensitive to a variety of stresses that cause various diseases throughout their life cycle. However, they have the ability to cope with these stresses using different defense mechanisms. ...The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important subcellular organelle, primarily recognized as a checkpoint for protein folding. It plays an essential role in ensuring the proper folding and maturation of newly secreted and transmembrane proteins. Different processes are activated when around one-third of newly synthesized proteins enter the ER in the eukaryote cells, such as glycosylation, folding, and/or the assembling of these proteins into protein complexes. However, protein folding in the ER is an error-prone process whereby various stresses easily interfere, leading to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins and causing ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a process that involves sensing ER stress. Many strategies have been developed to reduce ER stress, such as UPR, ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagy. Here, we discuss the ER, ER stress, UPR signaling and various strategies for reducing ER stress in plants. In addition, the UPR signaling in plant development and different stresses have been discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
To adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to integrate various stress signals and to coordinate plant growth and development. It ...is well known that inter-organellar communications play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to environmental stresses. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), extending throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is a central organelle involved in lipid metabolism, Ca
homeostasis, and synthesis and folding of secretory and transmembrane proteins crucial to perceive and transduce environmental signals. The ER communicates with the nucleus
the highly conserved unfolded protein response pathway to mitigate ER stress. Importantly, recent studies have revealed that the dynamic ER network physically interacts with other intracellular organelles and endomembrane compartments, such as the Golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome, vacuole, and the plasma membrane, through multiple membrane contact sites between closely apposed organelles. In this review, we will discuss the signaling and metabolite exchanges between the ER and other organelles during abiotic stress responses in plants as well as the ER-organelle membrane contact sites and their associated tethering complexes.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor ...kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
To achieve highly efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, great efforts have been dedicated to develop various photoelectrode materials in pure water electrolytes. Recently, some ...studies are turning to hydrogen production from seawater or wastewater, to save valuable freshwater resources and make waste profitable. Here, we fabricate one-dimensional SnO2@BiVO4 core–shell nanorod arrays decorated with cobalt-phosphate cocatalyst (1D SnO2@BiVO4/Co-Pi NRAs), which show efficient charge separation and transport properties due to the rational design of conducting core-layer and introduction of the cocatalyst. The as-obtained SnO2@BiVO4/Co-Pi photoanodes exhibit largely enhanced PEC water oxidation performance: the maximum photocurrent density of 2.63 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE is 6.58 times higher than that of pristine BiVO4 films (∼0.40 mA cm−2). Moreover, the ternary photoanode exhibits promising PEC performance for urea oxidation, giving rise to a current density of 3.44 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE in a neutral urea electrolyte. This work presents a sunlight-driven, eco-friendly and sustainable method to produce hydrogen and simultaneously treat urea-rich wastewater.
Abstract
Background
YAP activation is crucial for cancer development including colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether N6-Methyladenosine (m
6
A) modified transcripts of ...long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate YAP activation in cancer progression. We investigated the functional link between lncRNAs and the m
6
A modification in YAP signaling and CRC progression.
Methods
YAP interacting lncRNAs were screened by RIP-sequencing, RNA FISH and immunofluorescence co-staining assays. Interaction between YAP and lncRNA GAS5 was studied by biochemical methods. MeRIP-sequencing combined with lncRNA-sequencing were used to identify the m
6
A modified targets of YTHDF3 in CRC. Gain-of-function and Loss-of-function analysis were performed to measure the function of GAS5-YAP-YTHDF3 axis in CRC progression in vitro and in vivo.
Results
GAS5 directly interacts with WW domain of YAP to facilitate translocation of endogenous YAP from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and promotes phosphorylation and subsequently ubiquitin-mediated degradation of YAP to inhibit CRC progression in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we demonstrate the m
6
A reader YTHDF3 not only a novel target of YAP but also a key player in YAP signaling by facilitating m
6
A-modified lncRNA GAS5 degradation, which profile a new insight into CRC progression. Clinically, lncRNA GAS5 expressions is negatively correlated with YAP and YTHDF3 protein levels in tumors from CRC patients.
Conclusions
Our study uncovers a negative functional loop of lncRNA GAS5-YAP-YTHDF3 axis, and identifies a new mechanism for m
6
A-induced decay of GAS5 on YAP signaling in progression of CRC which may offer a promising approach for CRC treatment.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The outbreak of the 2019-nCoV infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, and rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries. Here we report the epidemiological, ...clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics, as well as potential biomarkers for predicting disease severity in 2019-nCoV-infected patients in Shenzhen, China. All 12 cases of the 2019-nCoV-infected patients developed pneumonia and half of them developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The most common laboratory abnormalities were hypoalbuminemia, lymphopenia, decreased percentage of lymphocytes (LYM) and neutrophils (NEU), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and decreased CD8 count. The viral load of 2019-nCoV detected from patient respiratory tracts was positively linked to lung disease severity. ALB, LYM, LYM (%), LDH, NEU (%), and CRP were highly correlated to the acute lung injury. Age, viral load, lung injury score, and blood biochemistry indexes, albumin (ALB), CRP, LDH, LYM (%), LYM, and NEU (%), may be predictors of disease severity. Moreover, the Angiotensin II level in the plasma sample from 2019-nCoV infected patients was markedly elevated and linearly associated to viral load and lung injury. Our results suggest a number of potential diagnosis biomarkers and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs for potential repurposing treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Water scarcity is expected to extend to more regions of the world and represents an alarming threat to food security worldwide. Under such circumstances, water holding capacity is an important ...agronomic trait, which is primarily controlled by soil texture. Our work examined three different soil textures from three cities of Shaanxi Province in China, i.e., silt-sandy loam from Yulin (north of Shaanxi), loam--clay loam from Yangling (middle and western part of Shaanxi), and clay loam-clay from Hanzhong soil (south of Shaanxi), at two moisture levels, i.e., field capacity of 70-75% (well-watered) and 50-55% (water deficit). The differences in soil particle sizes altered the soil physiochemical properties and soil enzymatic activities. Soil urease and ss-glucosidase activities were significantly higher in the Yangling soil under the well-watered treatment, while the differences were nonsignificant under the water deficit conditions. The leaf photosynthesis rate and total chlorophyll content were significantly higher in Hanzhong soil after 15 days of treatment; however, the overall highest plant length, root cortex diameter, and xylem element abundance were significantly higher in Yangling soil under the water deficit conditions. Furthermore, comparable differences were observed in antioxidant defence enzymes and endogenous hormones after every 15 days of treatments. The auxin, gibberellic acid and cytokinin concentrations in leaves and roots were comparably high in Yangling soil, while the abscisic acid concentrations were higher in Hanzhong soil under the water deficit conditions. Our findings concluded that soil compaction has a significant role not only in root morphology, growth, and development but also in the soil physicochemical properties and nutrient cycle, which are useful for the growth and development of tomato plants.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Premature leakage of photosensitizer (PS) from nanocarriers significantly reduces the accumulation of PS within a tumor, thereby enhancing nonspecific accumulation in normal tissues, which inevitably ...leads to a limited efficacy for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the enhanced systematic phototoxicity. Moreover, local hypoxia of the tumor tissue also seriously hinders the PDT. To overcome these limitations, an acidic H2O2‐responsive and O2‐evolving core–shell PDT nanoplatform is developed by using MnO2 shell as a switchable shield to prevent the premature release of loaded PS in core and elevate the O2 concentration within tumor tissue. The inner core SiO2‐methylene blue obtained by co‐condensation has a high PS payload and the outer MnO2 shell shields PS from leaking into blood after intravenous injection until reaching tumor tissue. Moreover, the shell MnO2 simultaneously endows the theranostic nanocomposite with redox activity toward H2O2 in the acidic microenvironment of tumor tissue to generate O2 and thus overcomes the hypoxia of cancer cells. More importantly, the Mn(ΙΙ) ion reduced from Mn(ΙV) is capable of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging selectively in response to overexpressed acidic H2O2. The facile incorporation of the switchable MnO2 shell into one multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic nanoplatform has great potential for future clinical application.
Premature leakage of photosensitizer (PS) from nanocarriers reduces the accumulation of PS within tumor, leading to a limited efficacy for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, local hypoxia of tumor also seriously hinders the PDT. To overcome these limitations, an acidic H2O2‐responsive MnO2 shell is introduced to prevent the premature release of PS and simultaneously elevate O2 concentration within the tumor.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
▶ New roles of BES1 and BIM1 in pollen/anther development and embryogenesis. ▶ Potential functions of ARF2, BRX, and DRN in the auxin–BR crosstalk. ▶ Regulatory roles of atypical and non-canonical ...bHLH proteins. ▶ Involvement of members of the GRAS, MADS, and MYB families in BR signaling. ▶ BES1-mediated recruitment of other nuclear proteins to regulate plant growth.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that largely rely on transcription factors (TFs) to regulate a variety of plant physiological/developmental processes. Past genetic and biochemical studies have identified two key TFs and interacting partners that play major roles in regulating many BR-responsive genes, while genome-wide microarray experiments have discovered at least 50 BR-regulated TFs. However, little is known how these TFs function or whether additional TFs are involved in BR signaling. In the past few years, genetic studies and yeast one/two-hybrid screens coupled with microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments not only revealed new roles of the key regulatory TFs but also implicated additional TFs and other nuclear proteins in regulating the nuclear activities of BR signaling in Arabidopsis and rice.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The transition from dormancy to germination in seeds is a key physiological process during the lifecycle of plants. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the sole plant hormone known to maintain seed dormancy; it ...acts through a gene expression network involving the transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3). However, whether other phytohormone pathways function in the maintenance of seed dormancy in response to environmental and internal signals remains an important question. Here, we show that the plant growth hormone auxin, which acts as a versatile trigger in many developmental processes, also plays a critical role in seed dormancy in Arabidopsis . We show that disruptions in auxin signaling in MIR160- overexpressing plants, auxin receptor mutants, or auxin biosynthesis mutants dramatically release seed dormancy, whereas increases in auxin signaling or biosynthesis greatly enhance seed dormancy. Auxin action in seed dormancy requires the ABA signaling pathway (and vice versa), indicating that the roles of auxin and ABA in seed dormancy are interdependent. Furthermore, we show that auxin acts upstream of the major regulator of seed dormancy, ABI3, by recruiting the auxin response factors AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 10 and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 16 to control the expression of ABI3 during seed germination. Our study, thus, uncovers a previously unrecognized regulatory factor of seed dormancy and a coordinating network of auxin and ABA signaling in this important process.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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