•Combining key regions of the frontal-limbic network as seeds to explore seed-based whole-brain rs-FC could discriminate bipolar depression (BipD) from unipolar depression (UniD).•Both UniD and BipD ...showed abnormal functional connectivity, mainly involving the frontal and sensorimotor networks.•Compared with UniD, BipD showed more widespread affected functional connectivity patterns, which primarily included the sensorimotor network.
The frontal-limbic circuit is hypothesized as sub-serving emotional regulation. We performed whole brain resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analysis by studying the key hubs of frontal-limbic circuit: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral insula subregions, bilateral amygdala (Amy) as seeds, separately, to discriminate bipolar depression (BipD) from unipolar depression (UniD).
We compared seed-based rs-FC of the frontal-limbic seeds with whole brain among 23 BipD participants; 23 age, gender, and depression severity matched patients with UniD, and 23 healthy controls (HCs). We also used support vector machine learning to study classification based on the rs-FC of ACC, bilateral insula subregions, and bilateral Amy seeds with whole brain.
BipD showed increased rs-FC between the left ventral anterior insula (vAI) seed and the left anterior supramarginal gyrus (aSMG) and left postcentral gyrus, as well as increased rs-FC between left amygdala seed and the left aSMG when compared to HCs and UniD. Compared to UniD, BipD was associated with increased rs-FC between right dorsal anterior insula seed and right superior frontal gyrus, as well as increased rs-FC between left posterior insula seed and right precentral gyrus and right thalamus. Combined rs-FC of ACC, bilateral insula subregions and bilateral Amy seeds with the whole brain discriminated BipD from UniD with an accuracy of 91.30%.
Rs-FC of the emotional regulation circuit is more widely disturbed in BipD than UniD. Using rs-FC with this circuit may lead to further developments in diagnostic decision-making.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Adding three cycles of induction chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin to concurrent chemoradiotherapy improved 3-year recurrence-free survival (85.3%, vs. 76.5% with concurrent ...chemoradiotherapy alone) and overall survival (94.6% vs. 90.3%). Patients receiving induction chemotherapy were more likely to have grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression, nausea, and vomiting.
Self‐assembled nanomaterials show potential high efficiency as theranostics for high‐performance bioimaging and disease treatment. However, the superstructures of pre‐assembled nanomaterials may ...change in the complicated physiological conditions, resulting in compromised properties and/or biofunctions. Taking advantage of chemical self‐assembly and biomedicine, a new strategy of “in vivo self‐assembly” is proposed to in situ construct functional nanomaterials in living subjects to explore new biological effects. Herein, recent advances on peptide‐based nanomaterials constructed by the in vivo self‐assembly strategy are summarized. Modular peptide building blocks with various functions, such as targeting, self‐assembly, tailoring, and biofunctional motifs, are employed for the construction of nanomaterials. Then, self‐assembly of these building blocks in living systems to construct various morphologies of nanostructures and corresponding unique biological effects, such as assembly/aggregation‐induced retention (AIR), are introduced, followed by their applications in high‐performance drug delivery and bioimaging. Finally, an outlook and perspective toward future developments of in vivo self‐assembled peptide‐based nanomaterials for translational medicine are concluded.
Taking inspiration from self‐assembly systems in nature, a new strategy of “in vivo self‐assembly” is proposed to in situ construct functional nanomaterials in living subjects. This concept, from the modular molecular design, assembly driving forces, morphology control, and biological effects to biomedical applications, is discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
An overview of Sun–Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) measurements in China is presented. Based on observations at 16 distributed SONET sites in China, atmospheric aerosol parameters are ...acquired via standardization processes of operational measurement, maintenance, calibration, inversion, and quality control implemented since 2010. A climatology study is performed focusing on total columnar atmospheric aerosol characteristics, including optical (aerosol optical depth, ÅngstrÖm exponent, fine-mode fraction, single-scattering albedo), physical (volume particle size distribution), chemical composition (black carbon; brown carbon; fine-mode scattering component, coarse-mode component; and aerosol water), and radiative properties (aerosol radiative forcing and efficiency). Data analyses show that aerosol optical depth is low in the west but high in the east of China. Aerosol composition also shows significant spatial and temporal variations, leading to noticeable diversities in optical and physical property patterns. In west and north China, aerosols are generally affected by dust particles, while monsoon climate and human activities impose remarkable influences on aerosols in east and south China. Aerosols in China exhibit strong light-scattering capability and result in significant radiative cooling effects.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hepatocytic ballooning is a key histological feature in the diagnosis of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is an essential component of the two most widely used histological scoring systems ...for diagnosing and staging non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) namely, the NAFLD activity score (NAS), and the steatosis, activity and fibrosis (SAF) scoring system. As a result of the increasing incidence of NASH globally, the diagnostic challenges of hepatocytic ballooning are unprecedented. Despite the clear pathological concept of hepatocytic ballooning, there are still challenges in assessing hepatocytic ballooning in ‘real life’ situations. Hepatocytic ballooning can be confused with cellular oedema and microvesicular steatosis. Significant inter‐observer variability does exist in assessing the presence and severity of hepatocytic ballooning. In this review article, we describe the underlying mechanisms associated with hepatocytic ballooning. Specifically, we discuss the increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response, as well as the rearrangement of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, the appearance of Mallory‐Denk bodies and activation of the sonic Hedgehog pathway. We also discuss the use of artificial intelligence in the detection and interpretation of hepatocytic ballooning, which may provide new possibilities for future diagnosis and treatment.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose
A population-level description and analysis of sepsis-related mortality in China is key to the planning and assessment of interventional strategies.
Methods
Retrospective analysis of multiple ...cause of death (MCOD) recorded in the population-based national mortality surveillance system (NMSS) of China. All sepsis-related deaths occurring in 605 disease surveillance points (DSPs) covering 323.8 million population across China were included in our study. Age-standardized mortality and national estimate of sepsis-related deaths were estimated using the census population in 2010 and 2015, respectively.
Results
In 2015, a total of 1,937,299 deaths occurring in any of the 605 DSPs and standardized sepsis-related mortality rate was 66.7 (95% confidence interval CI 66.4–67.0) deaths per 100,000 population. This produced a national estimate of 1,025,997 sepsis-related deaths. Sepsis-related mortality rates exhibited significant geographic variation. In multilevel analysis, male sex (rate ratio RR 1.582, 95% CI 1.570–1.595), increasing age (RR 1.914 for 5-year group, 95% CI 1.910–1.917), and presence of comorbidity (RR 2.316, 95% CI 2.298–2.335) were independently associated with increased sepsis-related mortality. Higher disposable income (RR 0.717 for the fourth interquartile range vs. the first interquartile range, 95% CI 0.515–0.978) and mean years of education (RR 0.808 for the fourth interquartile range vs. the first interquartile range, 95% CI 0.684–0.955) were negatively associated with sepsis-related mortality. However, population-based hospital doctors were not significantly associated with sepsis-related mortality.
Conclusions
The standardized sepsis-related mortality rate in China was high and varied according to socioeconomic indices, even though some uncertainty remained.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS) functions as a key sensor for microbial invasion and cellular damage by detecting emerging cytosolic DNA. Here, we report that GTPase‐activating protein‐(SH3 ...domain)–binding protein 1 (G3BP1) primes cGAS for its prompt activation by engaging cGAS in a primary liquid‐phase condensation state. Using high‐resolution microscopy, we show that in resting cells, cGAS exhibits particle‐like morphological characteristics, which are markedly weakened when G3BP1 is deleted. Upon DNA challenge, the pre‐condensed cGAS undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) more efficiently. Importantly, G3BP1 deficiency or its inhibition dramatically diminishes DNA‐induced LLPS and the subsequent activation of cGAS. Interestingly, RNA, previously reported to form condensates with cGAS, does not activate cGAS. Accordingly, we find that DNA – but not RNA – treatment leads to the dissociation of G3BP1 from cGAS. Taken together, our study shows that the primary condensation state of cGAS is critical for its rapid response to DNA.
Synopsis
Host cell encoded cGAS is a critical DNA sensor to detect invading pathogens. The stress‐granule protein G3BP1 engages cGAS in a primary condensation state to enable a rapid response to free DNA.
G3BP1 primes cGAS for its prompt activation.
G3BP1 engages cGAS in a primary condensation state.
DNA‐ but not RNA‐interaction leads to the dissociation of G3BP1 from cGAS.
Green tea compound epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits G3BP1‐promoted cGAS phase condensation and activation.
Host cell encoded cGAS is a critical DNA sensor to detect invading pathogens. The stress‐granule protein G3BP1 engages cGAS in a primary condensation state to enable a rapid response to free DNA.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with replication in 36,180 Chinese individuals and performed further transancestry meta-analyses with data from the Psychiatry Genomics Consortium ...(PGC2). Approximately 95% of the genome-wide significant (GWS) index alleles (or their proxies) from the PGC2 study were overrepresented in Chinese schizophrenia cases, including ∼50% that achieved nominal significance and ∼75% that continued to be GWS in the transancestry analysis. The Chinese-only analysis identified seven GWS loci; three of these also were GWS in the transancestry analyses, which identified 109 GWS loci, thus yielding a total of 113 GWS loci (30 novel) in at least one of these analyses. We observed improvements in the fine-mapping resolution at many susceptibility loci. Our results provide several lines of evidence supporting candidate genes at many loci and highlight some pathways for further research. Together, our findings provide novel insight into the genetic architecture and biological etiology of schizophrenia.
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IJS, NUK, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite wide applications of bimetallic electrocatalysis in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) owing to their superior performance, the origin of the improved performance remains elusive. The underlying ...mechanism was explored by designing and synthesizing a series of stable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs: NNU‐21–24) based on trinuclear metal carboxylate clusters and tridentate carboxylate ligands. Among the examined stable MOFs, NNU‐23 exhibits the best OER performance; particularly, compared with monometallic MOFs, all the bimetallic MOFs display improved OER activity. DFT calculations and experimental results demonstrate that introduction of the second metal atom can improve the activity of the original atom. The proposed model of bimetallic electrocatalysts affecting their OER performance can facilitate design of efficient bimetallic catalysts for energy storage and conversion, and investigation of the related catalytic mechanisms.
An iron atom in an Fe3 cluster is replaced by a second metal to form Fe2M clusters, which can serve as nodes to bridge with organic ligands and construct stable bimetallic MOFs. The introduction of the second metal atom can improve the activity of the original atom and thus improve the oxygen evolution reaction performance of electrocatalysts.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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