Key message
Nitrogen availability and cytokinin could promote shoot branching in rice, whereas auxin and strigolactone inhibited it. The interaction between nitrogen availability and the three ...hormones is discussed.
Rice shoot branching is strongly affected by nitrogen availability and the plant hormones auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone; however, the interaction of them in the regulation of rice shoot branching remains a subject of debate. In the present study, nitrogen and the three hormones were used to regulate rice tiller bud growth in the
indica
rice variety Yangdao 6. Both nitrogen and CK promoted shoot branching in rice, whereas auxin and SL inhibited it. We used HPLC to determine the amounts of endogenous IAA and CK, and we used quantitative real-time PCR analysis to quantify the expression levels of several genes. Nitrogen enhanced the amount of CK by promoting the expression levels of
OsIPTs
in nodes. In addition, both nitrogen and CK downregulated the expression of genes related to SL synthesis in root and nodes, implying that the inhibition of SL synthesis by nitrogen may occur at least partially through the CK pathway. SL did not significantly reduce the amount of CK or the expression levels of
OsIPT
genes, but it did significantly reduce the amount of auxin and the auxin transport capacity in nodes. Auxin itself inhibited CK synthesis and promoted SL synthesis in nodes rather than in roots. Furthermore, we found that CK and SL quickly reduced and increased the expression of
FC1
in buds, respectively, implying that
FC1
might be a common target for the CK and SL pathways. Nitrogen and auxin delayed expression change patterns of
FC1
, potentially by changing the downstream signals for CK and SL.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In the teamwork of nuclear power plants (NPPs), the maintenance of mutual awareness enables the operators to have an up-to-the-moment understanding of each other's work and makes the collaboration ...more efficient. Providing interface support for mutual awareness is proven to be an effective way to enhance the operators' mutual awareness in digital systems. What mutual awareness-relevant information to provide and how to present the information on the display are two questions worth studying. This research focused on the above two questions and provided a newly designed mutual awareness toolkit on the context of digital interfaces in NPPs. The usability of the designed toolkit was evaluated through a laboratory experiment. The influence of the mutual awareness toolkit on team performance and its interaction effect with task complexity was further examined under incident scenarios. The results showed that the designed mutual awareness toolkit improved the operators' mutual awareness, while it did not decrease their individual situation awareness (SA) or impose extra mental workloads. In team diagnosis tasks, the teams using the mutual awareness toolkit more thoroughly discussed the incident scenarios and identified more key points of the incidents. The diagnosis correctness, perhaps moderated by other factors besides mutual awareness, was not significantly improved.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Since many tasks are performed through teamwork, team workload becomes a highly concerned issue over time. However, there is still conceptual confusion. The purpose of this paper is to provide a ...clear and systematic model of the team workload. From the view of resource requirement, system, and interaction perspectives, models and conceptual framework of the team workload are summarized. With a broad perspective, a nominal definition of team workload is proposed as the total effort spent for processes involved in the execution of team tasks. Subsequently, the components and indicators of teamwork are identified from various team processes. This paper constructs team workload in four dimensions, task-focused activities, task-induced team activities, situational response, and team maintenance and development. Finally, the proposed model is compared with the existing models.
•Definitions of team workload are summarized from three different perspectives.•Team workload is constructed with four dimensions.•The proposed team workload model is compared with the existing models.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recent heterograft analyses showed that large-scale messenger RNA (mRNA) movement takes place in the phloem, but the number of mobile transcripts reported varies widely. However, our knowledge of the ...mechanisms underlying large-scale mRNA movement remains limited. In this study, using a Nicotiana benthamiana/tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) heterograft system and a transgenic approach involving potato (Solanum tuberosum), we found that: (1) the overall mRNA abundance in the leaf is not a good indicator of transcript mobility to the root; (2) increasing the expression levels of nonmobile mRNAs in the companion cells does not promote their mobility; (3) mobile mRNAs undergo degradation during their movement; and (4) some mRNAs arriving in roots move back to shoots. These results indicate that mRNA movement has both regulated and unregulated components. The cellular origins of mobile mRNAs may differ between herbaceous and woody species. Taken together, these findings suggest that the long-distance movement of mRNAs is a complex process and that elucidating the physiological roles associated with this movement is challenging but remains an important task for future research.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Lichens host highly complex and diverse microbial communities, which may perform essential functions in these symbiotic micro-ecosystems. In this research, sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to ...investigate the bacterial communities associated with lichens of two growth forms (foliose and crustose). Results showed that Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and Acidobacteriota were dominant phyla in both types of lichens, while Acetobacterales and Hyphomicrobiales were the dominant orders. Alpha diversity index showed that the richness of bacteria hosted by foliose lichens was significantly higher than that hosted by crustose ones. Principal co-ordinates analysis showed a significant difference between beta diversity of the foliose lichen-associated bacterial communities and those of crustose lichen-associated ones. Gene function prediction showed most functions, annotated by the lichen-associated bacteria, to be related to metabolism, suggesting that related bacteria may provide nutrients to their hosts. Generally, our results propose that microbial communities play important roles in fixing nitrogen, providing nutrients, and controlling harmful microorganisms, and are therefore an integral and indispensable part of lichens.
Team members have different roles in various scenarios to maintain situation awareness. A collaborative system should therefore provide appropriate information to the appropriate person at an ...appropriate time. Considering the mismatch between the designed and actually used information, this paper proposed that users should define what information to share with their team-mates. Thirty-six participants, who formed eighteen teams, used both the traditional and user-defined shared displays to perform failure diagnosis on the context of nuclear power plants. The user-defined shared display exhibited shorter diagnosis time without significant difference in correctness. Information quality, instead of quantity, was positively correlated with team mutual awareness. This study provides empirical evidence that user-defined information sharing is effective at improving operator's diagnosis performance, so the users should be able to tailor the information based on requirements.Practitioner Summary: To support team situation awareness and teamwork, the present study proposed that users should define what information to share with their team-mates. The laboratory experiment shows that user-defined information sharing shortens operator diagnosis time without degrading correctness. Information quality appears more important than information quantity in enhancing team mutual awareness.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Phosphorus is an important macronutrient for plant growth, but often deficient in soil. To understand the molecular basis of the complex responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to phosphate (Pi) ...deficiency stress, the RNA-Seq approach was taken to identify genes responding to Pi starvation in potato roots. A total of 359 differentially expressed genes were identified, among which the Solanum tuberosum transcription factor gene MYB44 (StMYB44) was found to be down-regulated by Pi starvation. StMYB44 was ubiquitously expressed in potato tissues and organs, and StMYB44 protein was exclusively localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of StMYB44 in potato resulted in lower accumulation of Pi in shoots. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the abundance of S. tuberosum PHOSPHATE1 (StPHO1), a Pi transport-related gene, was reduced in StMYB44 overexpression lines. In contrast, knock-out of StMYB44 by a CRISPR/Cas9 system failed to increase transcription of StPHO1. Moreover, StMYB44 was found to interact in the nucleus with AtWRKY6, a known Arabidopsis transcription factor directly regulating PHO1 expression, and StWRKY6, indicating that StMYB44 could be a member of the regulatory complex controlling transcription of StPHO1. Taken together, our study demonstrates that StMYB44 negatively regulates Pi transport in potato by suppressing StPHO1 expression.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Information is key to the process of diagnosis, so it is necessary to understand how information amount may influence human performance. The current study investigated this issue through an ...experiment where participants diagnosed an accident in a simulated nuclear power plant. The amount of accessible information and the times of making judgments were manipulated. The results showed that increasing the amount of accessible information led the participants to seek more and think shallower, and thus decreased diagnostic accuracies, whereas no significant effects were found for multiple judgement times. The authors argue that the disadvantages of more accessible information could be attributed not simply to 'information overload', but partly to the diagnosticians' unwise choice of information processing strategies. The findings imply that system designers should restrain the ever-growing amount of information while users should make more efficient use of information rather than take in more.
Practitioner summary: Current research on diagnosis by humans was mostly limited to outcome performance. This study empirically investigated factors influencing its detailed process. The results showed that increasing accessible information amount impaired both process and outcome performances.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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•g-C3N4 was converted into Co NPs enclosed bamboo-like N, S-doped CNTs.•Co@bCNTs has excellent bifunctional activity with an ultralow potential gap of 0.72 V.•Deep acid treatment was ...executed to reveal the roles of functional components.•Peak power densities of liquid and flexible batteries up to 190.3 and 106.2 mW cm−2.
Developing nonprecious-metal carbon-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is greatly significant for practical applications of rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Herein, rod-like S-doped g-C3N4 has been used as the nitrogen-rich precursor to synthesize an excellent oxygen electrocatalyst Co@bCNTs by a facile two-step route including cobalt-infiltration and subsequent pyrolysis. In Co@bCNTs, Co nanoparticles are encapsulated within N, S-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (bCNTs), which further are tangled with the doped graphene and hybridized with a small amount of amorphous CoSx. Benefiting from its effective N dopant, highly graphitized carbon and the synergistic effects of its components with different functionalities, the as-prepared catalyst has superior bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalytic activities with a small potential difference of 0.72 V and outstanding durability. Its assembled liquid and all-solid-state flexible batteries show excellent performance with peak power densities up to 190.3 and 106.2 mW cm−2, respectively. This work provides a new dimension to design and prepare high-performance bifunctional oxygen eletrocatalysts using nitrogen-rich polymers for developing rechargeable zinc-air batteries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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