The Setaria genus is increasingly of interest to researchers, as its two species, S. viridis and S. italica, are being developed as models for understanding C4 photosynthesis and plant functional ...genomics. The genome constitution of Setaria species has been studied in the diploid species S. viridis, S. adhaerans and S. grisebachii, where three genomes A, B and C were identified respectively. Two allotetraploid species, S. verticillata and S. faberi, were found to have AABB genomes, and one autotetraploid species, S. queenslandica, with an AAAA genome, has also been identified. The genomes and genome constitutions of most other species remain unknown, even though it was thought there are approximately 125 species in the genus distributed world-wide.
GISH was performed to detect the genome constitutions of Eurasia species of S. glauca, S. plicata, and S. arenaria, with the known A, B and C genomes as probes. No or very poor hybridization signal was detected indicating that their genomes are different from those already described. GISH was also performed reciprocally between S. glauca, S. plicata, and S. arenaria genomes, but no hybridization signals between each other were found. The two sets of chromosomes of S. lachnea both hybridized strong signals with only the known C genome of S. grisebachii. Chromosomes of Qing 9, an accession formerly considered as S. viridis, hybridized strong signal only to B genome of S. adherans. Phylogenetic trees constructed with 5S rDNA and knotted1 markers, clearly classify the samples in this study into six clusters, matching the GISH results, and suggesting that the F genome of S. arenaria is basal in the genus.
Three novel genomes in the Setaria genus were identified and designated as genome D (S. glauca), E (S. plicata) and F (S. arenaria) respectively. The genome constitution of tetraploid S. lachnea is putatively CCC'C'. Qing 9 is a B genome species indigenous to China and is hypothesized to be a newly identified species. The difference in genome constitution and origin of S. verticillata and S. faberi is also discussed. The new genomes and the genome constitutions of Setaria species identified in this report provide useful information for Setaria germplasm management, foxtail millet breeding, grass evolution and the development of S. viridis and S. italica as a new model for functional genomics.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
CD97 belongs to the adhesion GPCR family characterized by a long ECD linked to the 7TM via a GPCR proteolytic site （GPS） and plays important roles in modulating cell migration and invasion. CD97 ...（EGF1-5） is a splicing variant of CD97 that recognizes a specific ligand chondroitin sulfate on cell membranes and the extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to elucidate the extracellular molecular basis of the CD97 EGF1-5 isoform in protein expression, auto-proteolysis and cell adhesion, including epidermal growth factor （EGF）- like domain, GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing （GAIN） domain, as well as GPS mutagenesis and N-glycosylation. Both wild-type （WT） CD97-ECD and its truncated, GPS mutated, PNGase F-deglycosylated, and N-glycosylation site mutated forms were expressed and purified. The auto-proteolysis of the proteins was analyzed with Western blotting and SDS-PAGE. Small angle X-ray scattering （SAXS） and molecular modeling were used to determine a structural profile of the properly expressed receptor. Potential N-glycosylation sites were identified using MS and were modulated with PNGase F digestion and glyco-site mutations. A flow cytometry-based HeLa cell attachment assay was used for all aforementioned CD97 variants to elucidate the molecular basis of CD97-HeLa interactions. A unique concentration-dependent GPS auto-proteolysis was observed in CD97 EGF1-5 isoform with the highest concentration （4 mg/mL） per sample was self-cleaved much faster than the lower concentration （0.1 mg/mL）, supporting an intermolecular mechanism of auto-proteolysis that is distinct to the reported intramolecular mechanism for other CD97 isoforms. N-glycosylation affected the auto-proteolysis of CD97 EGF1-5 isoform in a similar way as the other previously reported CD97 isoforms. SAXS data for WT and deglycosylated CD97ECD revealed a spatula-like shape with GAIN and EGF domains constituting the body and handle, respectively. Structural modeling indicated a potential interaction between the GAIN and EGF5 domains accounting for the absence of expression of the GAIN domain itself, although EGF5-GAIN was expressed similarly in the wild-type protein. For HeLa cell adhesion, the GAIN- truncated forms showed dramatically reduced binding affinity. The PNGase F-deglycosylated and GPS mutated forms also exhibited reduced HeLa attachment compared with WT CD97. However, neither N-glycosylation mutagenesis nor auto-proteolysis inhibition caused by N-glycosylation mutagenesis affected CD97-HeLa cell interactions. A comparison of the HeLa binding affinities of PNGase F-digested, GPS-mutated and N-glycosylation-mutated CD97 samples revealed diverse findings, suggesting that the functions of CD97 ECD were complex, and various technologies for function validation should be utilized to avoid single-approach bias when investigating N-glycosyiation and auto-proteolysis of CD97. A unique mechanism of concentration-dependent auto-proteolysis of the CD97 EGF1-5 isoform was characterized, suggesting an intermolecular mechanism that is distinct from that of other previously reported CD97 isoforms. The EGF5 and GAIN domains are likely associated with each other as CD97 expression and SAXS data revealed a potential interaction between the two domains. Finally, the GAIN and EGF domains are also important for CD97-HeLa adhesion, whereas N-glycosylation of the CD97 GAIN domain and GPS auto-proteolysis are not required for HeLa cell attachment.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Recently, research into functional materials with various desired properties has been ceaselessly promoted. However, the development of convenient and practical strategies for building flexible ...material platforms to realize multi-functionalization and to prepare various functional derivatives is still a challenge. Herein, we propose for the first time a new strategy that introduces conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds into the skeleton of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that can act as both building blocks and active sites to create a versatile platform. Based on the platform,
in situ
multipurpose functionalization according to diverse real needs can be achieved more easily and efficiently with different addition reactions, compared with current approaches used for the preparation of functional materials. In this paper, a novel COF material (TCD), which contains diynes acting as a skeleton of the material platform, was directly prepared under microwave irradiation. Then, three new functional materials with a cyano group (TCD-CN), an amidoxime group (TCD-AO) and a hydroxyl group (TCD-OH) were obtained by further functionalization of the C&z.tbd;C bonds in TCD. The capabilities of the prepared materials for the selective separation of uranium from a simulated nuclear industrial effluent were examined, and TCD-AO was found to exhibit the highest separation efficiency.
A COF material (TCD) containing diynes as both building blocks and active sites was prepared by microwave irradiation and employed as a versatile platform for the preparation of diverse functional materials.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
In order to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO
2
, synthesis of well-faceted single crystals of anatase TiO
2
with a high percentage of reactive facets exposed has attracted much attention ...due to its fascinating surface atomic configuration. In this study, large anatase single crystal cubes with {001} and {010} facets exposed were prepared for the first time
via
a facile microwave-assisted method. The preparation involved an aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride, ionic liquid (1-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as titanium precursor, facet-directing agent, and surfactant, respectively. It is demonstrated that these single-crystalline TiO
2
crystals with cubic morphology showed better photocatalytic performance than decahedral anatase TiO
2
due to the high density of unsaturated surface Ti
5c
atoms on cubic TiO
2
.
Uniform cubic anatase TiO
2
fully enclosed by high energy facets was prepared using green method for enhancing the photocatalytic activity.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
With the development of wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring equipment, the ECG signal quality assessment algorithm is becoming critical. At present, there is no unified classification ...standard for signal quality assessment. Signal quality can be divided into three categories in this work: Class A, ECG waveform (P wave and T wave, QRS complex wave) is visible. Class B, the signal can only reliably detect QRS. Class C, the signal is not suitable for analysis. Eighteen features were analyzed. Three models based on the decision tree were trained according to diagnostic requirements for wearable ECG. The first model uses twelve practical features to select Class A and B. The single-lead wearable ECG monitoring device is a convenient means of monitoring arrhythmia, which can be used for disease screening only by RR interval analysis. The second model, uses eight practical features to screen out Class A signals. Clean ECG waveforms are essential for the diagnosis of the disease. In the third model, seven practical features are used to classify Class A, B, and Class C. The test results from the first model are as follows: Sp is 97.97%, and Se is 99.80%. The results from the second model are 92.12% and 92.19%. The third model report that the Acc of A, B, and C are:90.74 %, 89.72%, and 97.60%. The results showed that models could evaluate the ECG signal quality to meet the need for disease screening and diagnosis.
Forest fire is one of serious and universal natural disasters with the characteristics of wide distribution, high frequency, and uncertainty. Because of these features, the traditional manual methods ...to monitor forest fire become difficult. With the development of the remote sensing monitoring techniques, the forest fire monitoring becomes more effective. The ignition of forest fire needs some special weather and forest conditions concerned. Fuel moister content is a critical factor to induce the occurrence of forest fires. It is decided by the vegetation water content. In This paper the Great Khingan Mountains Region which locate in Heilongjiang Province were taken as the study area. And it includes the flowing contents: 1.Using MODIS NDVI data to reveal the growth situation of vegetation, and its relationship with vegetation water. 2. Using the band 2 and band 6 of MODIS data to calculate the global vegetation moisture index. 3. Using global vegetation moisture index to retrieve vegetation water content. 4. Considering the relation of NDVI, and vegetation water content comprehensively, obtained high fire risk period and areas of experimental area.
The resuscitation of septic shock with hemodynamic support to increase the total circulating volume and cardiac output is essential in clinical rescuing. This study aimed to raise high-risk awareness ...in hemodynamic treatment with reinforcement learning for septic shock patients instead of finding the best. Retrospective data from 7792 septic shock patients (mortality of 24.7%) were used. Data were coded as multivariate discrete-time series up to 72 h with 4-h time steps. The medical treatments of interest are the sum of intravenous fluids and a maximum dose of vasopressors. State spaces are constructed using an autoencoder network. Two separate double deep Q-Networks are trained to produce the value estimates of the embedded patient states administrated given treatments to assess the risk of transitioning to poor outcomes. Results reported that when we set a threshold of −0.16 for alarming the high-risk flag, 8.3% of treatments administered to nonsurvivors were alarmed 24 h before the outcome of death with 0.7% false alarms that misclassified the patients as near death. The global and individual trajectories of clinical variables around the first raised flag indicate the method's effectiveness. This could help warn possible high-risk treatments and help clinicians pay more attention to the alarmed patients.
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