Unprecedented dual aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) behavior based on a steric‐hindrance photochromic system is presented, with incorporation one or two bulky aryl groups, resulting in different ...flexibleness. The dual AIE behavior of open and closed isomers can be explained by restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR), restriction of intramolecular vibration (RIV), and intermolecular stacking. The large bulky benzothiophene causes restricted rotation, enhancing the emission of open form in solution and weak π–π molecular packing, thereby efficiently enhancing the luminescence performance in the solid state. With incorporation of two large bulky benzothiophene groups, BBTE possesses the most outstanding AIE activity, undergoing highly efficient and reversible off‐to‐on fluorescence in film upon alternating UV and visible light irradiation along with excellent fatigue resistance. The off‐to‐on fluorescent photoswitch is successfully established in super resolution imaging.
Dual AIE behavior: The steric‐hindrance photochromic system efficiently regulates the intramolecular rotational/vibrational magnitude and intermolecular stacking to tune aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) activity. The off‐to‐on fluorescent photoswitch is successfully established in super resolution imaging.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To improve the physicochemical stability of hydrophobic flavonoids, a series of protein-based nanomicelles have been developed in recent years. However, the quinoa protein (QP) nanomicelles and its ...interactions with different flavonoids were rarely reported. In this study, the QP nanomicelles (48.6 nm) were initially prepared. Then, quercetin (Que), curcumin (Cur), luteolin (Lut) and resveratrol (Res) were successfully assembled into the hydrophobic region of QP nanomicelles, giving the loading capacity of 33.9%, 8.0%, 17.8% and 6.4%, respectively. Moreover, this self-assembly significantly enhanced the solubility and stability of four flavonoids. The molecular interactions were further investigated. Results showed that hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding were the main interaction driving forces between QP and hydrophobic flavonoids. The present work provided valuable evidences for the application of quinoa protein in functional foods.
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•Quinoa protein (QP) was extracted from quinoa seeds.•Hydrophobic flavonoids were successfully assembled in QP nanomicelles.•Flavonoids inducing the fluorescence quenching of QP via self-assembly.•Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding were the main molecular driving forces.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Background
The high cost and insufficient supply of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have slowed the pace of controlling cervical cancer. A phase III clinical trial was conducted to ...evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a novel Escherichia coli-produced bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine.
Methods
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial started on November 22, 2012 in China. In total, 7372 eligible women aged 18–45 years were age-stratified and randomly assigned to receive three doses of the test or control (hepatitis E) vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. Co-primary endpoints included high-grade genital lesions and persistent infection (over 6 months) associated with HPV-16/18. The primary analysis was performed on a per-protocol susceptible population of individuals who were negative for relevant HPV type-specific neutralizing antibodies (at day 0) and DNA (at day 0 through month 7) and who received three doses of the vaccine. This report presents data from a prespecified interim analysis used for regulatory submission.
Results
In the per-protocol cohort, the efficacies against high-grade genital lesions and persistent infection were 100.0% (95% confidence interval = 55.6% to 100.0%, 0 of 3306 in the vaccine group vs 10 of 3296 in the control group) and 97.8% (95% confidence interval = 87.1% to 99.9%, 1 of 3240 vs 45 of 3246), respectively. The side effects were mild. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were noted. Robust antibody responses for both types were induced and persisted for at least 42 months.
Conclusions
The E coli-produced HPV-16/18 vaccine is well tolerated and highly efficacious against HPV-16/18–associated high-grade genital lesions and persistent infection in women.
In photoswitches that undergo fluorescence switching upon ultraviolet irradiation, photoluminescence and photoisomerization often occur simultaneously, leading to unstable fluorescence properties. ...Here, we successfully demonstrated reversible solid‐state triple fluorescence switching through “Pump–Trigger” multiphoton manipulation. A novel fluorescence photoswitch, BOSA‐SP, achieved green, yellow, and red fluorescence under excitation by pump light and isomerization induced by trigger light. The energy ranges of photoexcitation and photoisomerization did not overlap, enabling appropriate selection of the multiphoton light for “pump” and “trigger” photoswitching, respectively. Additionally, the large free volume of the spiropyran (SP) moiety in the solid state promoted reversible photoisomerization. Switching between “pump” and “trigger” light is useful for three‐color tunable switching cell imaging, which can be exploited in programmable fluorescence switching. Furthermore, we exploited reversible dual‐fluorescence switching in a single molecular system to successfully achieve two‐color super‐resolution imaging.
Stable and programmable triple fluorescence switching in the solid state was demonstrated through an alternative “Pump–Trigger” optical manipulation strategy employing a spiropyran‐functionalized distyrylanthracene derivative. The unique switching ability enabled innovative multicolor, tunable, switching cell imaging and two‐color super‐resolution imaging in a single‐molecule system.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The ameliorative effect of
polysaccharide (cDFPW1) on ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated using a dextran-sodium-sulfate-induced (DSS-induced) mouse model in the present study. The results ...showed that cDFPW1 effectively improved colitis in mice by ameliorating weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) and colonic pathological damage, and by protecting the intestinal barrier function integrity. Moreover, cDFPW1 modulated the composition and metabolism of intestinal microbiota through enhancing
,
and
, and reducing
,
and
in colitis mice. Notably, cDFPW1 significantly restored the homeostasis of Th17/regulatory T (Treg) cells and the expression of specific cytokines. Western blotting of colon tissues showed that cDFPW1 markedly up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB signaling. These results indicated that cDFPW1 possesses the potential of improving UC and its effect on palliating colitis may be connected with the regulation of Nrf2/NF-κB signaling.
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•The preparation method and functional property of hydrogels were summarized.•Applications of hydrogels as delivery systems for bioactive ingredients were reviewed.•Encapsulation and ...release mechanisms of bioactives by hydrogels were discussed.
Some bioactive ingredients in foods are unstable and easily degraded during processing, storage, transportation and digestion. To enhance the stability and bioavailability, some food hydrogels have been developed to encapsulate these unstable compounds. In this paper, the preparation methods, formation mechanisms, physicochemical and functional properties of some protein hydrogels, polysaccharide hydrogels and protein-polysaccharide composite hydrogels were comprehensively summarized. Since the hydrogels have the ability to control the release and enhance the bioavailability of bioactive ingredients, the encapsulation and release mechanisms of polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins and probiotics by hydrogels were further discussed. This review will provide a comprehensive reference for the deep application of polysaccharide/protein hydrogels in food industry.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this study, luteolin-oxidized lotus root starch (OLRS) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed to improve the stability and antioxidant activity of luteolin. Results showed that a stable luteolin-OLRS ...NPs was formed using luteolin and OLRS (oxidation degree, 15%) in the weight ratio of 3:1, as well as anti-solvent and solvent in the volume ratio of 10:1. Under this condition, the particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential of luteolin-OLRS NPs was 305 nm, 0.173 and −20.8 mV, respectively. The analysis of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the luteolin was successfully encapsulated in OLRS NPs, giving an encapsulation efficiency of 87.2%. The release characteristic and antioxidant activity of encapsulated luteolin were further investigated. Results exhibited that the OLRS NPs enabled luteolin to be stable in simulated gastric fluid and sustained release in simulated intestinal fluid, leading to the enhancement of antioxidant activity of luteolin.
•OLRS NPs represent the oxidized lotus root starch nanoparticles.•LRS with oxidation degree of 15% benefits the encapsulation of luteolin.•The stability of luteolin was enhanced by OLRS NP encapsulation.•The antioxidant activity of luteolin was increased by OLRS NP encapsulation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We report the optical properties of tetraphenylethene (TPE) and other TPE derivatives functionalised with an octyl group (TPE‐OCT) and polyethyleneglycol group (TPE‐PEG) in the side chain. We ...compared TPE‐OCT and TPE‐PEG with TPE in both organic solvents and under aqueous conditions. All materials exhibit aggregation‐induced emission, however, uncommonly, TPE‐PEG seems to aggregate in aqueous solution with enhanced photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) relative to that in organic solvents. All three materials can be photo‐oxidised in solution to their diphenylphenanthrene derivative by irradiation with UV light (at both ≈1 and ≈5 mW cm−2), with a subsequent enhancement in PL efficiency. The electron‐donating ether group increases the rate of oxidation relative to bare TPE and also photo‐oxidation was shown to be solvent and concentration dependent. Finally, photo‐oxidation was also demonstrated in the aggregate state.
Photo finish: The optical properties and photo‐oxidation of tetraphenylethene (TPE) and its derivatives in solution, the nanoparticle state and in a PMMA matrix are discussed (see scheme). This demonstration should be useful in encouraging the design of more photostable TPE molecules, which are commonly used in biosensing and imaging research.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•A homogenous polysaccharide (JSP-11) was isolated from jellyfish.•The structural features of JSP-11 were characterized.•The activation of macrophages by JSP-11 and the related mechanism were ...studied.
A new polysaccharide (JSP-11) with a molecular weight of 1.25×106Da was extracted and purified from jellyfish. Monosaccharide analysis showed that JSP-11 was composed of mannose, galactose and glucuronic acid with a molar ratio of 2.18:1.00:1.94. According to the analysis of fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and NMR spectroscopy, JSP-11 was determined to contain a linear backbone which consisted of (1→3,6)-linked β-d-Manp and (1→6)-linked β-d-Galp. The branch of (1→)-linked α-d-GlcpA was attached to the C-3 position of (1→3,6)-linked β-d-Manp in the backbone. The immunomodulatory assay exhibited that JSP-11 could significantly enhance the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and promote the release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β via activating NF-κB, MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signal pathways.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•D. huoshanense polysaccharide (GXG) altered the intestinal physiological status.•GXG could enhance the mucosal barrier functions in different intestinal regions.•GXG differently regulated microbiota ...composition along the intestinal tract.
The present study investigated the effects of a homogeneous Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide (GXG) on mucosal barrier function and microbiota composition in different intestinal regions of mice. Results exhibited, besides changing the intestinal physiological status, orally administrated GXG could improve the intestinal physical barrier function by modulating mucosal structures and up-regulating the expression of tight junction proteins, reinforce the intestinal biochemical barrier function by elevating the expression and secretion of mucin-2, β-defensins and sIgA, and regulate the intestinal immunological barrier function by stimulating the production of cytokines and the functional development of immune cells. Simultaneously, GXG could differentially impact the composition and metabolism of microbiota along intestinal tract. In addition, the immune response in spleen and peripheral blood were effectively regulated by GXG. These results indicated that GXG might be used as functional agent to improve host health.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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