The leakage current degradation, single-event burnout (SEB), and single-event gate rupture (SEGR) behaviors induced by the heavy-ion irradiation in p-Channel and n-Channel power U-shaped ...metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (UMOSFETs) are comparatively investigated in this article via experiments and simulations. The SEB and SEGR performances of a commercially available −100-V-rated p-Channel UMOSFET are tested under heavy-ion irradiation. The experimental results show that the sample devices can be prevented from the drain leakage current or gate leakage current degradation under the bias conditions of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">V_{\mathrm {GS}} = -100 </tex-math></inline-formula> V and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">V_{\mathrm {GS}} = 0 </tex-math></inline-formula>. However, a severe gate leakage current degradation can occur at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">V_{\mathrm {DS}} = -100 </tex-math></inline-formula> V when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">V_{\mathrm {GS}} \ge 5 </tex-math></inline-formula> V. In addition, the SEB and SEGR characteristics of a 100-V-rated n-Channel UMOSFET are obtained by simulations. The simulation results indicate that a p-Channel UMOSFET can achieve much better robustness against heavy ions compared with an n-Channel UMOSFET. Further, the leakage current degradation and failure mechanisms induced by heavy-ion irradiation are investigated via simulations. Finally, an effective method, which enlarges the width and depth of the source contact trench, is introduced to enhance the SEB tolerance of an n-Channel UMOSFET. The simulation result shows that the SEB threshold voltage can represent an increase of 23.1% with the hardening method.
In this article, a method of single-event burnout (SEB) hardening at high linear energy transfer (LET) value range is proposed and investigated by the 2-D numerical simulations. The improved MOSFET ...using this method and the conventional MOSFET are analyzed and compared to evaluate the effectiveness of this method. Simulation results show that, compared with the conventional MOSFET, the improved MOSFET using this method can effectively and quickly reduce the internal high electric field, thereby reducing the temperature. Under the condition of a LET value of 0.5 pC/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> and a drain voltage of 1200 V, the maximum drain current is 0.168 A, and the maximum global device temperature is 1724 K, which is much lower than the melting down temperature of silicon carbide (SiC) (3100 K). The hardening method in this article can be applied to different breakdown voltages by adjusting structure parameters.
Aims and Objectives
This study aims to propose a self‐management clusters classification method to determine the self‐management ability of elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) ...associated with diabetes mellitus (DM).
Background
MCI associated with DM is a common chronic disease in old adults. Self‐management affects the disease progression of patients to a large extent. However, the comorbidity and patients' self‐management ability are heterogeneous.
Design
A cross‐sectional study based on cluster analysis is designed in this paper.
Method
The study included 235 participants. The diabetes self‐management scale is used to evaluate the self‐management ability of patients. SPSS 21.0 was used to analyse the data, including descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering with Ward's method before k‐means clustering, k‐means clustering analysis, analysis of variance and chi‐square test.
Results
Three clusters of self‐management styles were classified as follows: Disease neglect type, life oriented type and medical dependence type. Among all participants, the percentages of the three clusters above are 9.78%, 32.77% and 57.45%, respectively. The difference between the six dimensions of each cluster is statistically significant.
Conclusion(s)
This study classified three groups of self‐management styles, and each group has its own self‐management characteristics. The characteristics of the three clusters may help to provide personalized self‐management strategies and delay the disease progression of MCI associated with DM patients.
Relevance to clinical practice
Typological methods can be used to discover the characteristics of patient clusters and provide personalized care to improve the efficiency of patient self‐management to delay the progress of the disease.
Patient or public contribution
In our study, we invited patients and members of the public to participate in the research survey and conducted data collection.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of betulin, a triterpene from the bark of Betula platyphylla Suk, against ethanol-induced alcoholic liver injury ...and its possible underlying mechanisms. In vitro, human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2 cells were treated with betulin (6.25, 12.5 and 25μM) prior to ethanol (50mM) for 24h. Cell viability was analyzed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, protein expressions were assessed by Western blot. In vivo, we induced alcoholic liver injury in male C57BL/6 mice, placing them on Lieber-DeCarli ethanol-containing diets for 10 days and then administering a single dose of ethanol (5g/kg body weight) via gavage. Betulin (20 and 50mg/kg) were given by gavage every day. In vitro results showed that betulin effectively decreased LX-2 cell viability, attenuated collagen-I, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels, activated liver kinase B-1 (LKB1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Betulin suppressed the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), and genetic deletion of AMPK blocked the effect of betulin on SREBP-1 in ethanol treated LX-2 cells. In vivo, betulin attenuated the increases in serum aminotransferase and triglyceride levels in the mice fed with chronic-binge ethanol, while significantly inhibited SREBP-1 expression and activated LKB1-AMPK phosphorylation. Additionally, betulin enhanced the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression mediated by ethanol. Taken together, betulin alleviates alcoholic liver injury possibly through blocking the regulation of SREBP-1 on fatty acid synthesis and activating SIRT1-LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This brief first time presents single-event burnout (SEB) simulation results for conventional AlGaN/ GaN gate field plate MISFET (GFP-C MISFET), simultaneously, a hardened MISFET with electrode ...connected doped plugs in the buffer (EC-DP MISFET) is proposed for the first time. The SEB triggering mechanisms contain the back-channel effect and following impact ionization dominated by electron in the high field region. By comparing the simulation results from the GFP-C MISFET and proposed hardened EC-DP MISFET, the carriers induced by heavy ion can be quickly absorbed to drain and source electrode through EC-DP, so that the proposed EC-DP MISFET can achieve better SEB performance than conventional one. With a heavy ion having the linear energy transfer value of 0.6-pC/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> striking vertically, SEB threshold voltage obtained in GFP-C MISFET and hardened EC-DP MISFET is 280 and 338 V, respectively.
Based on the difficult problem that conventional polymer and gel can't be used for enhancing oil recovery in extra-high temperature (200 °C) and extra-high salinity (2 ×105 mg/L) reservoirs，an ...anti-temperature anti-salinity microspheres was prepared with 2,2′-bis4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl propane (BAPP), 3, 3′, 4, 4′-diphenyl ether dianhydride (ODPA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) as the monomers. The FTIR results showed that the temperature- and salt-resistant polyimide (PI) microspheres were prepared as target product. TGA showed that thermal decomposition of the unaged and aged PI-2 microspheres occurred over 281 °C and 252 °C, respectively; These values greatly exceed those of commercial HPAM, weak gel particles and pre-crosslinked gel particles. After the polyimide microspheres were aged for 120 d, the enhanced oil recovery of the PI-2 microspheres does not decrease significantly, so the long-term stability of two polyimide microspheres are very good at 200 °C and total dissolved solids (TDS) = 2 × 105 mg/L. The PI-2 microspheres had better properties than the conventional polymer and gel as profile control agent and water plugging agent. The microspheres possess the characteristics of being able to inject, block, and move, resulting in excellent oil displacement efficiency. The results of core displacement experiments revealed that PI-2 microspheres are highly efficient in oil displacement and have a strong ability to improve the water injection profile. Therefore, PI-2 microspheres can be used as an oil displacement agent in reservoirs with extremely high temperature and salt content.
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•Target product is suitable for Extra-high Temperature, Extra-high Salinity reservoirs.•Better stability of target microspheres compared to conventional oil repellents.•PI-2 polyimide microspheres could enhance oil recovery.•PI-2 polyimide microspheres have strong ability to improve water injection profile.•The microspheres have good heat and salt resistance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV is a fast and automated real-time nucleic acid amplification tool for detecting influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The aim of this study was to verify the ...accuracy of Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV for detecting influenza virus and RSV. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched up to October 2020. The quality of the original research was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 guidelines. Meta-DiSc 1.4 software was used to analyze the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristic curve. Deek’s funnel plot asymmetry test was used to evaluate the publication bias using the Stata 12.0 software. Ten studies with 25 fourfold tables were included in the analysis. The sensitivity of Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV for detecting influenza A, influenza B, and RSV were 0.97, 0.98, and 0.96, respectively, and the specificities were 0.97, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively. Compared with other common clinical real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV is a valuable tool for diagnosing influenza virus and RSV with high sensitivity and specificity.
Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota. Investigations on the species diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out. So far 217 species ...belonging to 42 genera are reported from China. Two new genera:
Amylosporia
gen. nov. and
Murinicarpus
gen. nov., twelve new species:
Coriolopsis dendriformis
sp. nov.,
C. hainanensis
sp. nov.,
Funalia cystidiata
sp. nov.,
Haploporus microsporus
sp. nov.,
Perenniporia citrinoalba
sp. nov.,
P. yinggelingensis
sp. nov.,
Picipes hainanensis
sp. nov.,
P. jiajinensis
sp. nov.,
P. pseudovarius
sp. nov.,
Trametes duplexa
sp. nov.,
T. ellipsoidea
sp. nov. and
T. stiptica
sp. nov., and six new combinations,
Amylosporia hattorii
comb. nov.,
Hornodermoporus latissimus
comb. nov.,
Murinicarpus subadustus
comb. nov.,
Picipes pumilus
comb. nov.,
Vanderbylia delavayi
comb. nov. and
Vanderbylia robiniophila
comb. nov., are proposed. All the species are described based on the Chinese collections. Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided. This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy. The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the β-tubulin gene (TBB1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. In addition, full morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs, taxonomic notes, ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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•Cucurbitacin E induces apoptosis and attenuates activation of hepatic stellate cells.•Cucurbitacin E alleviated thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis.•Cucurbitacin E regulates ...Akt-AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway.
The study evaluated the potential protective effect and underlying mechanism of Cucurbitacin E (CuE) in both thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis and activated HSCs. CuE inhibited the proliferation of activated HSC/T-6 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; triggered the activation of caspase-3, cleaved PARP, altered ratio of bcl-2-to-bax, and affected cytochrome C protein in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. CuE arrested activated HSCs at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, CuE reduced levels of p-Erk/MAPK and also inhibited the protein and mRNA expressions of α-SMA, TIMP-1 and collagen I in activated HSC-T6 cells. CuE inhibited PI3K and Akt phosphorylation, and reduced the levels of p-mTOR and p-P70S6K and increased the expression of p-AMPK, which is similar with AICAR and metformin. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with thioacetamide (TAA) for five continuous weeks (100 or 200mg/kg, three times per week) along with daily administration of CuE (5 or 10mg/kg/d) and curcumin (Cur, 20mg/kg). CuE treatments significantly reduced serum ALT/AST levels, α-SMA, TIMP-1, and collagen I protein expressions. HE, Masson trichrome, Sirius red and immunohistochemical staining also suggested that CuE could ameliorate hepatic fibrosis. Our findings suggest that CuE induces apoptosis of activated HSC and ameliorates TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis through activation of AMPK and blocking mTOR-dependent signaling pathway.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Self‐wound nanomembranes out of functional multilayered structures were designed to improve lithium storage performance. The intrinsic strain is relaxed by rolling; the composite components are ...uniformly dispersed; the micro/nanohierarchical structure assumes a mixed ion/electron conduction network; and conventional nanomembrane deposition techniques allow for various materials combinations, suitable to meet different demands of lithium ion batteries.
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