Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a common treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the best therapeutic agent for TACE treatment has not been determined. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ...ratio (NLR) is a systemic immune system marker; however, the ability of the NLR to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC is unknown, and no studies have been conducted to determine the most appropriate TACE regimen for HCC patients with different NLRs.
The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI databases were searched through May 28, 2023. Comparisons of overall survival (OS) among cohort studies with different NLRs and different TACE treatment regimens were performed with a random effects model.
Thirty-five studies involving 9210 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that Group 3–4 (NLR<2.5) patients had a significantly longer OS than Group 1–2 (NLR 2.5–5.0). Among the patients, Group 1–3 (NLR 2.0–5.0) patients had the best survival after treatment with adriamycin (lnHR (95 % CI = 0.48 0.31, 0.75 and lnHR (95 % CI = 0.41 0.19, 0.91). Among the Group 4 patients (NLR<2.0), the best outcome was obtained with platinum + adriamycin (lnHR (95 % CI = 0.59 0.45, 0.78), followed by adriamycin. A subgroup analysis of TACE combined with other treatments showed that adriamycin combined with sorafenib was the most effective and superior to the other treatment agents.
The NLR can be used to predict the prognosis of HCC patients treated with TACE; the higher the NLR is, the worse the prognosis. Adriamycin may be the best therapeutic agent for HCC patients treated with TACE.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Both remotely sensed and in situ observations in austral summer of early 2012 in the Ross Sea suggest the presence of cold, low-salinity, and high-biomass eddies along the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf ...(RIS). Satellite measurements include sea surface temperature and ocean color, and shipboard data sets include hydrographic profiles, towed instrumentation, and underway acoustic Doppler current profilers. Idealized model simulations are utilized to examine the processes responsible for ice shelf eddy formation. 3-D model simulations produce similar cold and fresh eddies, although the simulated vertical lenses are quantitatively thinner than observed. Model sensitivity tests show that both basal melting underneath the ice shelf and irregularity of the ice shelf edge facilitate generation of cold and fresh eddies. 2-D model simulations further suggest that both basal melting and downwelling-favorable winds play crucial roles in forming a thick layer of low-salinity water observed along the edge of the RIS. These properties may have been entrained into the observed eddies, whereas that entrainment process was not captured in the specific eddy formation events studied in our 3-D model—which may explain the discrepancy between the simulated and observed eddies, at least in part. Additional sensitivity experiments imply that uncertainties associated with background stratification and wind stress may also explain why the model underestimates the thickness of the low-salinity lens in the eddy interiors. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating accurate wind forcing, basal melting, and ice shelf irregularity for simulating eddy formation near the RIS edge. The processes responsible for generating the high phytoplankton biomass inside these eddies remain to be elucidated.
•Low-salinity, high-biomass eddies were observed along the Ross Ice Shelf.•Numerical simulations are performed to understand eddy dynamics.•Both basal melting and ice shelf irregularity facilitate eddy formation.•Thickness of the low-salinity layer is sensitive to the background stratification.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A facile and economical strategy to synthesize high surface area Mg‐doped ZnAl2O4 spinels is developed. These materials are employed as catalyst supports to prepare supported gold catalysts for the ...aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol by using molecular oxygen in the absence of additional alkali. The as‐fabricated supported Au catalyst with the Mg/(Mg+Zn) molar ratio of 0.15 was found to show good catalytic activity with high benzaldehyde selectivity (>99 %) and a high turnover frequency of 5382 h−1. The relationship between the surface properties of the supported Au catalysts and their catalytic performances reveals that the high catalytic efficiency is mainly attributable to surface cooperative effects between the abundant basic sites and favorable active Au species, including metallic Au and cationic Auδ+ ions. A possible mechanism for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol is tentatively proposed. Moreover, the as‐fabricated supported Au catalyst could be reused at least four times without significant loss of its catalytic performance. The present finding provides a new route for designing high‐performance supported noble or non‐noble metal catalysts by using high surface area ZnAl2O4‐based spinels.
Golden spinels: High surface area Mg‐doped ZnAl2O4 spinel supported gold nanoparticles are reported as highly efficient and recyclable catalysts when employed in the base‐free aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol (see figure). The greatly enhanced catalytic performance is due to the surface cooperative effect between abundant basic sites and favorable active Au0/Auδ+ species.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP) is a global health issue that directly affects the human respiratory system. Thus, we estimated the spatiotemporal trends in the burden of ...APMP-related respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2019.
Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, data on the burden of APMP-related respiratory diseases were analyzed by age, sex, cause, and location. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to analyze the temporal trends in the burden of different respiratory diseases over the 30 years.
Globally, in 2019, APMP contributed the most to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with 695.1 thousand deaths and 15.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); however, the corresponding age-standardized death and DALY rates declined from 1990 to 2019. Similarly, although age-standardized death and DALY rates since 1990 decreased by 24% and 40%, respectively, lower respiratory infections (LRIs) still had the second highest number of deaths and DALYs attributable to APMP. This was followed by tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer, which showed increased age-standardized death and DALY rates during the past 30 years and reached 3.78 deaths per 100,000 persons and 84.22 DALYs per 100,000 persons in 2019. Among children aged < 5 years, LRIs had a huge burden attributable to APMP, whereas for older people, COPD was the leading cause of death and DALYs attributable to APMP. The APMP-related burdens of LRIs and COPD were relatively higher among countries with low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI), while countries with high-middle SDI showed the highest burden of TBL cancer attributable to APMP.
APMP contributed substantially to the global burden of respiratory diseases, posing a significant threat to human health. Effective actions aimed at air pollution can potentially avoid an increase in the PM
-associated disease burden, especially in highly polluted areas.
Developmental dyslexia is a special learning disorder which is prevalent in all languages. A central question in dyslexia is whether the neural mechanism of their defects is universal or distinct in ...different writing systems. Using meta-analytic approach, we created meta-images using activation abnormalities in Chinese and alphabetic children with dyslexia to find convergence and divergence under different writing systems. The results revealed that dyslexic children have a universal attention-related dysfunction with hypoactivation in the left inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) under different writing systems, in spite of differences of degree and spatial extent in those regions. Alphabetic dyslexic children additionally showed hypoactivation in the left occipito-temporo-parietal regions. Chinese dyslexic children showed specific hyperactivation in the right postcentral gyrus, the left rectus, and the right middle temporal gyrus. The present meta-analysis for the first time showed both shared and distinct abnormalities in children with dyslexia under Chinese and alphabetic writing systems.
•Dyslexic children have common hypoactivation in the left IFC and ACC.•Chinese dyslexic children showed higher hypoactivation in the left IFC and MCC.•Alphabetic dyslexic children showed higher hypoactivation in the left OTC and IPL.•Chinese dyslexic children showed specific hyperactivation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
High fasting plasma glucose (FPG) has been listed as one of the risk factors for bladder cancer. We here estimated the global, regional, and national levels of bladder cancer burden ...attributable to high FPG from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
Bladder cancer data attributable to high FPG were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, and analyzed by age, sex, year, and location. Age‐standardized rates were utilized to evaluate the burden between different populations. The temporal trend of the burden was estimated through the Joinpoint analysis.
Results
In 2019, high FPG contributed to 22,823.33 (95% uncertainty interval UI, 4694.88–48,962.26) deaths and 399,654.91 (95% UI, 81,609.35–865,890.95) disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of bladder cancer globally. Since 1990, the global age‐standardized death and DALY rates of bladder cancer attributable to high FPG increased apparently by 39.18% and 41.48%, respectively. During the last 30 years, high FPG‐related age‐standardized death and DALY rates of bladder cancer have increased in all countries. In 2019, Central Europe showed the greatest high FPG‐related age‐standardized death and DALY rates of bladder cancer, but Andean Latin America had the lowest rates. Nationally, Lebanon showed the greatest high FPG‐related age‐standardized death and DALY rates of bladder cancer in 2019. High FPG‐attributable deaths and DALYs of bladder cancer were more considerable among males and older people. Countries with high SDI showed higher levels of age‐standardized death and DALY rates of bladder cancer due to high FPG and presented remarkable upward trends in rates in the last 30 years.
Conclusions
Globally, the high FPG‐associated bladder cancer burden has remarkably increased in all countries, and showed a higher level among countries with higher SDI. Monitoring FPG levels among patients with bladder cancer is critical to lower the corresponding burden.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Immunotherapy using programmed cell death 1 (PD1) inhibitors has shown great efficacy in colorectal cancer patients harboring mismatch-repair-deficient (dMMR) and microsatellite instability-high ...(MSI-H) alterations. We previously showed a negative correlation of zymogen granule protein 16 (ZG16) with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with colorectal cancer. However, how ZG16 regulates PD-L1 expression is unclear. In this study, we showed that ZG16 can directly bind to glycosylated PD-L1 through its lectin domain, leading to PD-L1 degradation. Mutations on the lectin domain of ZG16 largely inhibit the interaction between ZG16 and PD-L1. Importantly, ZG16 overexpression suppressed tumor growth in two syngeneic mouse models through blockage of PD-L1 expression in cancer cells meanwhile suppression of PD1 expression in T cells. We also showed that ZG16 could improve the effect of chemotherapy and may be delivered as a protein to serve as an immune checkpoint inhibitor to promote T-cell mediated immunity.
The Kuroshio intrusion from the West Philippine Sea (WPS) and mesoscale eddies are important hydrological features in the northern South China Sea (SCS). In this study, absorption and fluorescence of ...dissolved organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) were determined to assess the impact of these hydrological features on DOM dynamics in the SCS. DOM in the upper 100 m of the northern SCS had higher absorption, fluorescence, and degree of humification than in the Kuroshio Current of the WPS. The results of an isopycnal mixing model showed that CDOM and humic‐like FDOM inventories in the upper 100 m of the SCS were modulated by the Kuroshio intrusion. However, protein‐like FDOM was influenced by in situ processes. This basic trend was modified by mesoscale eddies, three of which were encountered during the fieldwork (one warm eddy and two cold eddies). DOM optical properties inside the warm eddy resembled those of DOM in the WPS, indicating that warm eddies could derive from the Kuroshio Current through Luzon Strait. DOM at the center of cold eddies was enriched in humic‐like fluorescence and had lower spectral slopes than in eddy‐free waters, suggesting inputs of humic‐rich DOM from upwelling and enhanced productivity inside the eddy. Excess CDOM and FDOM in northern SCS intermediate water led to export to the Pacific Ocean interior, potentially delivering refractory carbon to the deep ocean. This study demonstrated that DOM optical properties are promising tools to study active marginal sea‐open ocean interactions.
Key Points
An isopycnal mixing model revealed the influence of the Kuroshio Current and mesoscale eddies on organic matter in the South China Sea
The Kuroshio intrusion modulated humic‐like fluorescence in the upper South China Sea; protein‐like fluorescence was produced in situ
Export of excess dissolved organic matter in South China Sea intermediate water may deliver refractory carbon to the deep Pacific Ocean
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays provide an optimal high-throughput platform for genetic research and molecular breeding programs in both animals and plants. In this study, a ...high-quality and custom-designed Rice3K56 SNP array was developed with the resequencing data of 3024 rice accessions worldwide, which was then tested extensively in 192 representative rice samples. Printed on the GeneTitan chips of Affymetrix Axiom each containing 56,606 SNP markers, the Rice3K56 array has a high genotyping reliability (99.6%), high and uniform genome coverage (an average of 6.7-kb between adjacent SNPs), abundant polymorphic information and easy automation, compared with previously developed rice SNP arrays. When applied in rice varietal differentiation, population diversity analysis, gene mapping of 13 complex traits by a genome-wide association study analysis (GWAS), and genome selection experiments in a recombinant inbred line and a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross populations, these properties of the Rice3K56 array were well demonstrated for its power and great potential to be a highly efficient tool for rice genetic research and genomic breeding.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Microtubules in cells are closely related to the growth and metabolism of microalgae. To date, the study of microalgal microtubules has mainly concentrated on revealing the relationship between ...microtubule depolymerization and synthesis of precursors for flagellar regeneration. While information on the link between microtubule depolymerization and biosynthesis of precursors for complex organic matter (such as lipid, carbohydrate and protein), is still lacking, a better understanding of this could help to achieve a breakthrough in lipid regulation. With the aim of testing the assumption that microtubule disruption could regulate carbon precursors and redirect carbon flow to promote lipid accumulation, Chlorella sorokiniana SDEC-18 was pretreated with different concentrations of oryzalin.
Strikingly, microalgae that were pretreated with 1.5 mM oryzalin accumulated lipid contents of 41.06%, which was attributed to carbon redistribution induced by microtubule destruction. To promote the growth of microalgae, two-stage cultivation involving microtubule destruction was employed, which resulted in the lipid productivity being 1.44 times higher than that for microalgae with routine single-stage cultivation, as well as yielding a desirable biodiesel quality following from increases in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content. Furthermore, full extraction of lipid was achieved after only a single extraction step, because microtubule destruction caused removal of cellulose synthase and thereby blocked cellulose biosynthesis.
This study provides an important advance towards observation of microtubules in microalgae through immunocolloidal gold techniques combined with TEM. Moreover, the observation of efficient lipid accumulation and increased cell fragility engendered by microtubule destruction has expanded our knowledge of metabolic regulation by microtubules. Finally, two-stage cultivation involving microtubule destruction has established ideal growth, coupling enhanced lipid accumulation and efficient oil extraction; thus gaining advances in both applied and fundamental research in algal biodiesel production.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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