Background
We investigated the superiority of the 8th edition of the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system for patients in China with gastric cancer.
Methods
The survival outcomes of 1663 patients with ...gastric cancer undergoing radical resection were analyzed.
Results
In the 8th edition system, homogeneous 5-year survival rates among different pathological TNM (pTNM) categories belonging to the same stage were observed. However, in the 7th edition system, the differences of 5-year survival rate among pTNM categories belonging to the same stage were observed in stages IIB (
P
= 0.010), IIIB (
P
= 0.004), and IIIC (
P
< 0.001). For patients in the pT1-3 (
P
< 0.001) and pT4a (
P
< 0.001) categories, there were significant differences in survival between patients in the pN3a and pN3b categories. Furthermore, partial cases (pT4bN0M0/T4aN2M0) of stage IIIB were downstaged to stage IIIA in the 8th edition system, and the 5-year survival rate of these patients was significantly better than that of patients in stage IIIB in the 8th edition system. Similarly, the 5-year survival rate of patients in p4bN2M0/T4aN3aM0 downstaged from stage IIIC to IIIB was significantly better than that of patients in stage IIIC. Compared with the 7th edition system, the 8th edition system had a higher likelihood ratio and linear trend chi-squared score and a smaller Akaike information criteria value.
Conclusions
The 8th edition system is superior to the 7th edition system in terms of homogeneity, discriminatory ability, and monotonicity of gradients for Chinese patients with gastric cancer.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract
The demand for sustainable energy has motivated the development of artificial photosynthesis. Yet the catalyst and reaction interface designs for directly fixing permanent gases (e.g. CO
2
, ...O
2
, N
2
) into liquid fuels are still challenged by slow mass transfer and sluggish catalytic kinetics at the gas-liquid-solid boundary. Here, we report that gas-permeable metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes can modify the electronic structures and catalytic properties of metal single-atoms (SAs) to promote the diffusion, activation, and reduction of gas molecules (e.g. CO
2,
O
2
) and produce liquid fuels under visible light and mild conditions. With Ir SAs as active centers, the defect-engineered MOF (e.g. activated NH
2
-UiO-66) particles can reduce CO
2
to HCOOH with an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 2.51% at 420 nm on the gas-liquid-solid reaction interface. With promoted gas diffusion at the porous gas-solid interfaces, the gas-permeable SA/MOF membranes can directly convert humid CO
2
gas into HCOOH with a near-unity selectivity and a significantly increased AQE of 15.76% at 420 nm. A similar strategy can be applied to the photocatalytic O
2
-to-H
2
O
2
conversions, suggesting the wide applicability of our catalyst and reaction interface designs.
Carbon aerogels with 3D networks of interconnected nanometer‐sized particles exhibit fascinating physical properties and show great application potential. Efficient and sustainable methods are ...required to produce high‐performance carbon aerogels on a large scale to boost their practical applications. An economical and sustainable method is now developed for the synthesis of ultrathin carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogels from the wood‐based nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) aerogels via a catalytic pyrolysis process, which guarantees high carbon residual and well maintenance of the nanofibrous morphology during thermal decomposition of the NFC aerogels. The wood‐derived CNF aerogels exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, a large surface area, and potential as a binder‐free electrode material for supercapacitors. The results suggest great promise in developing new families of carbon aerogels based on the controlled pyrolysis of economical and sustainable nanostructured precursors.
Nano‐woodwork: An economical and sustainable method has now been developed for the synthesis of ultrathin carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogels by engineering the thermal decomposition chemistry of nanofibrillated wood cellulose. This work suggests great promise in developing new families of carbon aerogels based on the controlled pyrolysis of sustainable nanostructured precursors.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Solution‐processable highly conductive polymers are of great interest in emerging electronic applications. For p‐doped polymers, conductivities as high a nearly 105 S cm−1 have been reported. In the ...case of n‐doped polymers, they often fall well short of the high values noted above, which might be achievable, if much higher charge‐carrier mobilities determined could be realized in combination with high charge‐carrier densities. This is in part due to inefficient doping and dopant ions disturbing the ordering of polymers, limiting efficient charge transport and ultimately the achievable conductivities. Here, n‐doped polymers that achieve a high conductivity of more than 90 S cm−1 by a simple solution‐based co‐deposition method are reported. Two conjugated polymers with rigid planar backbones, but with disordered crystalline structures, exhibit surprising structural tolerance to, and excellent miscibility with, commonly used n‐dopants. These properties allow both high concentrations and high mobility of the charge carriers to be realized simultaneously in n‐doped polymers, resulting in excellent electrical conductivity and thermoelectric performance.
Two conjugated polymers with rigid planar backbones, but with disordered crystalline structures, exhibit surprising structural tolerance to commonly used n‐dopants. These properties allow both high concentrations and high mobility of the charge carriers to be realized simultaneously in n‐doped polymers, resulting in excellent electrical conductivity of over 90 S cm−1 and thermoelectric performance up to 106 µW m−1 K−2.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The incorporation of defects, such as vacancies, into functional materials could substantially tailor their intrinsic properties. Progress in vacancy chemistry has enabled advances in many ...technological applications, but creating new type of vacancies in existing material system remains a big challenge. We show here that ionized nitrogen plasma can break bonds of iron-carbon-nitrogen-nickel units in nickel-iron Prussian blue analogues, forming unconventional carbon-nitrogen vacancies. We study oxygen evolution reaction on the carbon-nitrogen vacancy-mediated Prussian blue analogues, which exhibit a low overpotential of 283 millivolts at 10 milliamperes per square centimeter in alkali, far exceeding that of original Prussian blue analogues and previously reported oxygen evolution catalysts with vacancies. We ascribe this enhancement to the in-situ generated nickel-iron oxy(hydroxide) active layer during oxygen evolution reaction, where the Fe leaching was significantly suppressed by the unconventional carbon-nitrogen vacancies. This work opens up opportunities for producing vacancy defects in nanomaterials for broad applications.
The role of solution aggregates on the charge transport process of conjugated polymers in electronic devices has gained increasing attention; however, the correlation of the charge carrier mobilities ...between the solution aggregates and the solid‐state films remains elusive. Herein, three polymers, FBDOPV‐2T, FBDOPV‐2F2T, and FBDOPV‐4F2T, are designed and synthesized with distinct aggregation behavior in solution. By combining contact‐free ultrafast terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and field‐effect transistor measurements, we track the charge carrier mobility of the aggregates of these polymers from the solution to the thin‐film state. Remarkably, the mobility of these three polymers is found to follow nearly the same trend (FBDOPV‐2T>FBDOPV‐2F2T≫FBDOPV‐4F2T) in both solutions and thin‐film states. The quantitative mobility correlation indicates that the charge transport properties of solution aggregates play a critical role in determining the thin‐film charge transport properties and final device performance. Our results highlight the importance of investigating and controlling solution aggregation structures towards efficient organic electronic devices.
Different aggregation structures of three BDOPV‐based polymers in solution were obtained via subtle adjustment of the molecular structures. By employing contact‐free ultrafast terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, we directly reveal that the correlation of the charge carrier mobilities between the solution aggregates and the solid‐state films remains highly consistent.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Exosomes are a subpopulation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) that transmit various biological molecules to promote intercellular communication. Exosomes are derived from nearly all types of ...cells and exist in all body fluids. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the most abundant contents in exosomes, and some ncRNAs with biological functions are specifically packaged into exosomes. Recent studies have revealed that exosome-derived ncRNAs play crucial roles in the tumorigenesis, progression and drug resistance of gastric cancer (GC). In addition, regulating the expression levels of exosomal ncRNAs can promote or suppress GC progression. Moreover, the membrane structures of exosomes protect ncRNAs from degradation by enzymes and other chemical substances, significantly increasing the stability of exosomal ncRNAs. Specific hallmarks within exosomes that can be used for exosome identification, and specific contents can be used to determine their origin. Therefore, exosomal ncRNAs are suitable for use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Regulating the biogenesis of exosomes and the expression levels of exosomal ncRNAs may represent a new way to block or eradicate GC. In this review, we summarized the origins and characteristics of exosomes and analysed the association between exosomal ncRNAs and GC development.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The optimal extent of gastrectomy for middle-third gastric cancer remains controversial. In our study, the short-term effects and longer-term survival outcomes of distal subtotal gastrectomy and ...total gastrectomy are analysed to determine the optimal extent of gastrectomy for middle-third gastric cancer.
We retrospectively collect and analyse clinicopathologic data and follow-up outcomes from a prospectively collected database at the Peking University Cancer Hospital. Patients with middle-third gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent curative resection are enrolled in our study.
We collect data of 339 patients between January 2005 and October 2011. A total of 144 patients underwent distal subtotal gastrectomy, and 195 patients underwent total gastrectomy. Patients in the total gastrectomy group have longer operative duration (P < 0.001) and postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.001) than those in the distal subtotal gastrectomy group. In the total gastrectomy group, more lymph nodes are harvested (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the rate of postoperative complications is lower in the distal subtotal gastrectomy group than in the total gastrectomy group (8% vs 15%, P = 0.047). Further analysis demonstrates that the rate of anastomosis leakage is lower in the distal subtotal gastrectomy group than in the total gastrectomy group (0% vs 4%, P = 0.023). Kaplan-Meier (log rank test) analysis shows a significant difference in overall survival between the two groups. The 5-year overall survival rates in the distal subtotal gastrectomy and total gastrectomy groups are 65% and 47%, respectively (P < 0.001). Further stage-stratified analysis reveals that no statistical significance exists in 5-year survival rate between the distal subtotal gastrectomy and total gastrectomy groups at the same stage. Multivariate analysis shows that age (P = 0.046), operation duration (P < 0.001), complications (P = 0.037), usage of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P < 0.001), tumor size (P = 0.012), presence of lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.043) and N stage (P < 0.001) are independent prognostic factors for survival.
For patients with middle-third gastric cancer, distal subtotal gastrectomy shortens the operation duration and postoperative hospital stay and reduces postoperative complications. Meanwhile, the long-term survival of patients with distal subtotal gastrectomy is similar to that of those with total gastrectomy at the same stage. The extent of gastrectomy for middle-third gastric cancer is not an independent prognostic factor for survival.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent evidences showed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are frequently dysregulated and play important roles in various cancers. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the leading cause ...of cancer-related death, largely due to the metastasis of ccRCC. However, the clinical significances and roles of lncRNAs in metastatic ccRCC are still unknown.
lncRNA expression microarray analysis was performed to search the dysregulated lncRNA in metastatic ccRCC. quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression of lncRNAs in human ccRCC samples. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed to investigate the biological roles of lncRNAs on ccRCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and in vivo metastasis. RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and western blot were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of lncRNAs.
The microarray analysis identified a novel lncRNA termed metastatic renal cell carcinoma-associated transcript 1 (MRCCAT1), which is highly expressed in metastatic ccRCC tissues and associated with the metastatic properties of ccRCC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that MRCCAT1 is an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC patients. Overexpression of MRCCAT1 promotes ccRCC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. Depletion of MRCCAT1 inhibites ccRCC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and ccRCC metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, MRCCAT1 represses NPR3 transcription by recruiting PRC2 to NPR3 promoter, and subsequently activates p38-MAPK signaling pathway.
MRCCAT1 is a critical lncRNA that promotes ccRCC metastasis via inhibiting NPR3 and activating p38-MAPK signaling. Our results imply that MRCCAT1 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Tumor angiogenesis plays an important role in the development of cancer as it allows the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors as well as tumor dissemination to distant organs. Although ...anti‐angiogenic therapy (AAT) has been approved for treating various advanced cancers, this potential strategy has limited efficacy due to resistance over time. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand how resistance develops. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano‐sized membrane‐bound phospholipid vesicles produced by cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that tumor cell‐derived EVs (T‐EVs) directly transfer their cargoes to endothelial cells (ECs) to promote tumor angiogenesis. Importantly, recent studies have reported that T‐EVs may play a major role in the development of resistance to AAT. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the role of EVs from non‐tumor cells in angiogenesis, although the mechanisms involved are still not completely understood. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the role of EVs derived from various cells, including tumor cells and non‐tumor cells, in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, from the perspective of EVs, this review summarized the role of EVs in the resistance to AAT and the mechanisms involved. Due to their role in the resistance of AAT, we here proposed potential strategies to further improve the efficacy of AAT by inhibiting T‐EVs.
We provide a comprehensive description of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells, including tumor cells and non‐tumor cells, in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, from the perspective of EVs, this review summarized the role of EVs in the resistance to AAT and the mechanisms involved. Due to their role in the failure of AAT, inhibiting T‐EVs may serve as an effective method to increase the efficiency of AAT in the future.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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