Delactosed permeate (DLP) is an effluent generated after the separation of most of the proteins and lactose from cheese whey. The inability to obtain stable products with acceptable low moisture ...content is one of the major drawbacks to further commercial development of DLP. To determine the factors influencing the sorption behavior, DLP samples from three different dairy processing industries were characterized for their composition and sorption behavior. Sorption data were successfully fitted to the Peleg model. The relationships among the compositional elements and Peleg constants for initial sorption rate (
K
1) and sorption capacity (
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2) showed total sugar, lactic acid and mineral content had a significant influence on sorption. With an increase in the lactic acid and mineral content, the
K
1 and
K
2 values decreased, indicating higher initial sorption rate and higher sorption capacity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Mixtures of model lipid systems containing high‐melting and low‐melting lipid classes were crystallized and microscope images obtained for analysis of crystal morphology and microstructure. ...Rheological properties of these semisolid systems were tested by use of a texture analyzer. The nature of the highmelting component in a mixture dominated the crystal morphology and, combined with interactions between crystalline and liquid materials, resulted in different microstructures that influenced the rheological properties. In addition to size, shape, and amount (solid fat content) of crystalline material, the crystal packing density, representing how densely the crystalline particles in every level (individual, aggregate, or floc) were arranged, and the nature (or strength) of the link (or bridge) connecting the crystalline particles were important microstructural factors to determine rheological properties. Depending on different crystal packing densities and linking bridges, two different systems were identified in terms of microstructure type—mobile and immobile—in which the relative mobility of microstructural components had different levels. These mobility levels led to different rheological responses.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Model systems having different microstructures and rheological properties were obtained by controlled crystallization from a mixture of high-melting and low-melting lipids. Based on analysis of ...confocal scanning light microscopic images, the microstructural characteristics of the systems were quantified by use of different approaches including microstructure density, Euler characteristic, nearest-neighbor analysis, fractal dimension of microstructure interface, and fractal dimension by the particle-counting method (PCM). The solid-fat content (SFC) of semisolid lipid samples was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheological properties were analyzed by compressive penetration tests with a texture analyzer. As expected, SFC had a major impact on rheological properties, but lipid crystalline microstructure also had significant effects. Correlation analysis showed that rheological properties were highly correlated with the various quantitative microstructural parameters, with the exception of the fractal dimension by the PCM. Empirical models adequately correlated rheological properties with SFC and microstructure density. Compression modulus increased by a factor of about ten as SFC increased from 0.28 to 0.51. However, for systems with the same SFC, compression modulus was dependent on microstructure. At low SFC compression modulus increased by about a factor of seven over the range of microstructures formed, whereas at higher SFC compression modulus only increased by a factor of about two.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Semisolid fat samples with different solid fat contents and microstructures were prepared by crystallization of mixtures of model lipid systems containing high‐melting and lowmelting lipids and ...analyzed for microstructural properties. Microstructure images were acquired by confocal scanning light microscopy and showed fat crystals or fat crystal flocs combined with their surrounding continuous phase to constitute microstructural units and a microstructural network that was formed through their interaction. Fat crystal flocs and their centroids, microstructure units, and their interface boundaries were identified by image analysis. Several methods to quantify microstructure were compared. A new concept was introduced: the microstructure density, defined as the number of microstructural units per unit volume of the system. Also, the Richardson plot and particle counting methods (PCM) were used to find the fractal dimension of the crystal network. The Euler characteristic and nearest neighbor features of the microstructure were obtained as well by use of custom‐developed programs. The different metrics of semisolid lipid microstructure were compared in terms of their physical meaning, means of acquisition, and consistency. The results showed that the quantitative microstructure parameters obtained from different approaches, except the fractal dimesion determined by the PCM, can identify both differences and similarities of microstructural characteristics in the model lipid systems studied in this work.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
As complex lipid systems, the phase and crystallization behavior of mixtures of a high‐melting milk fat fraction with a low‐melting milk fat fraction or canola oil was studied. A turbidity technique ...was developed to estimate solubility and metastability conditions of these lipid mixtures. Both solubility and metastability of the high‐melting milk fat fraction in liquid lipids increased exponentially with temperature. At a given equilibration temperature, liquid phases and solid fractions with nearly identical melting profiles and TAG compositions were obtained regardless of the original concentration of the lipid mixture. The maximum melting temperature (MMT), as measured by DSC, of the liquid phase increased dramatically in the equilibrium temperature range of 27.5–35.0°C but did not change at temperatures below and above this range (down to 25.0°C and up to 40°C in this study). The content of long‐chain TAG (C46−C52) increased and short‐chain TAG (C36−C40) decreased in the liquid phases as the equilibrium temperature increased. A plot of the TAG group ratio (i.e, long‐short‐chain TAG) vs. equilibrium temperature was generated to illustrate the phase behavior of the complex lipid system and to represent a solubility curve, from which the supersaturation level for crystallization kinetics was determined. Higher supersaturation and lower temperature resulted in higher nucleation and crystallization rates. Compared to the system with a low‐melting milk fat fraction, mixtures of the high‐melting milk fat fraction with canola oil had higher nucleation and crystallization rates due to the lower solubility found for this system.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this methods paper, one-dimensional moisture penetration into thin films of sugar glass exposed to different relative humidity was measured by use of FT-near infrared microspectroscopy working in ...a spectrum range of wavelength from 1.35 to 2.50 μm. The peak height ratio of characteristic peaks for H--OH (primarily water) and O--H (primarily sugar) bands, respectively, were highly correlated to moisture content for both sucrose and lactose systems and were used for calibration of moisture content. Moisture content along one-dimensional locations was accurately measured using microscopic mapping. Sorption penetration profiles of moisture content vs. penetration depth were obtained. Depending on the sorption time and storage conditions, moisture penetration profiles typically showed a fairly sharp boundary between intact glass in the interior and a high moisture content surface layer, which slowly moved into the sample interior over time. Crystallization was observed to occur at the surface under certain conditions when insufficient inhibitors were present. In these cases, a moisture peak was seen to penetrate into the glass. Microspectroscopic mapping proved to be an excellent technique for studying moisture penetration behavior and kinetics, providing quantitative data for future diffusion modeling.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mixed lead–tin perovskite solar cells (LTPSCs) with an ideal bandgap are demonstrated as a promising candidate to reach higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than their Pb‐counterparts. Herein, a ...Br‐free mixed lead–tin perovskite material, FA0.8MA0.2Pb0.8Sn0.2I3, with a bandgap of 1.33 eV, as a perovskite absorber, is selected. Through density functional theory calculations and optoelectronic techniques, it is demonstrated that both Pb‐ and Sn‐related A‐site vacancies are pushed into deeper energetic depth, causing severe nonradiative recombination. Hence, a selective targeting anchor strategy that employs phenethylammonium iodide and ethylenediamine diiodide as co‐modifiers to selectively anchor with Pb‐ and Sn‐related active sites and passivate bimetallic traps, respectively, is established. Furthermore, the selectivity of the molecular oriented anchor passivation is demonstrated through energetic depth specificity of Pb‐ and Sn‐related traps. As a result, a substantially enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC) from 0.79 to 0.90 V for the LTPSCs is achieved, yielding a champion PCE of 22.51%, which is the highest PCE among the reported ideal‐bandgap PSCs. The VOC loss is reduced to 0.43 V.
Aiming for hybrid perovskite solar cells, a novel strategy is developed that using ethylenediamine diiodide and phenethylammonium iodide as co‐modifiers to selectively targeting anchor with lead–tin binary perovskite materials, resulting in comprehensively healing the dual‐sourced defects. As a result, a champion efficiency of 22.51% is achieved, which is the record efficiency among the ideal‐bandgap perovskite solar cells.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease, especially in China. In this phase 3 trial involving 10,077 infants and children in China, an EV71 vaccine provided ...protection against EV71-associated disease.
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), an enterovirus that is not associated with poliomyelitis, was one of the major causative agents of outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina in Europe,
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between 1972 and 1988, and it has been implicated in a series of outbreaks across the Asia–Pacific region since the 1990s.
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The largest Asia–Pacific epidemic occurred in China in 2008, when approximately 490,000 infections and 126 deaths in infants and young children were reported.
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The vast majority of severe cases and fatal cases occurred in children younger than 3 years of age. EV71 . . .
Leaks from pipes and valves are a reputational issue in industry. Maintenance of pipeline integrity is becoming a growing challenge due to the serious socioeconomic consequences. This paper presents ...a secondary phase transform (PHAT) cross-correlation method to improve the performance of the acoustic methods based on cross-correlation for pipeline leakage detection. Acoustic emission signals generated by pipe leakage are first captured by the sensors at different locations, and are subsequently analyzed using the cross-correlation curve to determine whether leakage is occurring. When leakage occurs, time delay estimation (TDE) is further carried out by peak search in the cross-correlation curve between the two sensor signals. In the analysis, the proposed method calculates the secondary cross-correlation function before the PHAT operation. A sinc interpolation method is then introduced for automatic searching the peak value of the cross-correlation curve. Numerical simulations and experimental results confirm the improved performance of the proposed method for noise suppression and accurate TDE compared to the basic cross-correlation method, which may be beneficial in engineering applications.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
