In recent years, many studies have shown that the intestinal microflora has various effects that are linked to the critical physiological functions and pathological systems of the host. The ...intestinal microbial community is widely involved in the metabolism of food components such as protein, which is one of the essential nutrients in diets. Additionally, dietary protein/amino acids have been shown to have had a profound impact on profile and operation of gut microbiota. This review summarizes the current literature on the mutual interaction between intestinal microbiota and protein/amino acid metabolism for host mucosal immunity and health.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-protein (LP) diets supplemented with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose (GLUC) on metabolic markers and intestinal microbiota of ...finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred growing barrows were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments, including the normal protein level diet (CON), the LP diets, LP with 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), and LP with 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP diet increased the plasma HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and reduced the bile acid, urea nitrogen, albumin, and total protein concentrations compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet reduced the plasma VLDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and increased the bile acid concentration compared with the LP diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the LP + DCA and LP + GLUC diets showed reduced 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase content and increased Cytochrome P450 Family 7 Subfamily A Member 1 activity of liver compared that of the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LP diets with or without DCA and GLUC supplementation increased the relative abundance of colonic microbiota related to carbohydrate fermentation in finishing pigs. In conclusion, 120 mg/kg DCA or 1.8% GLUC supplementation in an LP diet modulated the hepatic lipid metabolism of pigs, while the DCA along with GLUC supplementation likely improved the lipid metabolism by stimulating bile acid secretion.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an enzyme cofactor, co-substrate, and redox factor in all living cells and is necessary for maintaining cell metabolism. It has been shown that appropriate ...supplementation of NAD+ precursors or inhibition of NAD+-depleting enzymes can promote mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and improve host energy utilization efficiency. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host metabolism. Theoretically, there should be a close correlation among NAD+, gut microbiota, and host metabolism; however, the information is limited. In this review, we summarize the metabolic process of NAD+ and its impact on host metabolism, the link between gut microbiota and host metabolism, as well as the potential effects of NAD+ on microbial metabolism, providing a new perspective on the interaction between gut microbiota and host metabolism.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing low-protein diets with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat ...quality of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) growing barrows (27 ± 0.4 kg body weight) were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments during three successive 4-wk periods. There were five diets in each phase. Diet 1 was the control diet with normal protein levels (CON) where protein levels in the three phases were 18%, 16.5%, and 15.5%, respectively. The dietary protein levels of Diets 2, 3, 4, and 5 (the low-protein diets, LP) were decreased by 4.5% compared to Diet 1. Additionally, Diets 3 and 4 were supplemented with an extra 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), respectively. Diet 5 was further supplemented with an extra 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP + DCA diet increased the average daily weight gain of pigs compared to the CON and LP diet in phase 3 and the overall experimental period (P < 0.001). The LP diet reduced the gain:feed ratios of the pigs compared to the CON, LP + DCA, and LP + DCA + GLUC diets in phase 1 and the overall experimental period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, gain:feed ratios in LP + DCA and LP + DCA + GLUC groups did not differ from that of the CON group (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the LP + DCA diet had higher pH values of meat at 24 h post-mortem than the CON group (P < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet increased the total protein content in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of pigs, compared to the other dietary treatments (P < 0.05), and increased the Arg and Leu contents in the LD muscle compared to the LP + DCA diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, the LP + DCA diet induced a higher C18:1n9t percentage in the LD muscle of pigs compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an LP diet reduced the feed efficiency in pigs and barely affected meat quality, whereas 120 mg/kg DCA supplementation in an LP diet improved the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, showed modest effects on carcass traits, and improved the muscle protein content with the addition of glucose.
We undertake a study of bijections which are used to enumerate sets of permutations and labeled forests according to various statistics. A permutation statistic is called Mahonian if it has the same ...distribution on the symmetric group $S\sb{n}$ as the inversion statistic. The major index and inversion index are the fundamental examples of Mahonian statistics. The inversion index has been extended by Mallows and Riordan to labeled forests. Recently, Bjorner and Wachs generalized the major index to labeled forests and showed that the major index has the same distribution as the inversion index on labeled forests of fixed shape. We give a direct combinatorial proof of this result by constructing an explicit bijection on labeled forests which takes the major index to the inversion index. For the symmetric group this bijection reduces to a new bijection on $S\sb{n}$ taking the major index to the inversion index which is similar to a bijection of Foata. We also generalize the Mahonian statistics of Rawlings and Kadell to labeled forests and show that they have the same distribution as the inversion index as well. Generalizations of the Foata bijection on permutations are also presented.
We construct a bijection on labeled forests which is used to prove that the enumerator for the inversion index on labeled forests is identical to the enumerator for the major index on labeled ...forests. A generalized version of our bijection produces some additional results dealing with more general statistics on labeled forests.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Defect passivation has developed as an attractive approach to promote the performance of perovskite solar cells. However, robust control of the interplay between the defects and adsorbates is ...challenging and critical for applications. Here, hydrophobic 3-(trifluoromethyl) phenethylamine hydroiodide (CF
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PEAI) is introduced on the surface of perovskite films. By controlling the post-treatment of the passivation layers, the amphipathic passivation agent CF
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PEAI can form 2D perovskite and go deeply into the films (>30 nm), which can further passivate the internal defects and improve the long-term stability of perovskite films. Furthermore, the CF
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PEAI 2D passivated perovskite films exhibit better energy level alignment, lower surface roughness, longer carrier lifetimes, lower trap state density, and higher stability than the control and the ones without annealing. Our first-principles simulation reveals that CF
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PEAI effectively renormalizes the defective states of the vacancies with benign characteristics. The defect-adsorbate complex facilitates the manipulation of versatile electronic states for a prolonged lifetime of photoexcited carriers with improved structural integrity. Perovskite solar cells' performance is enhanced from 18.87% to 21.05% along with improved stability, which can retain 98% of initial performance after 528 h in ambient air with a humidity of 70-80%.
CF
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PEAI, an amphipathic passivation agent, can passivate multiple perovskite defects leading to high performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.
Abstract
Multiple ultrashort laser pulses are widely used in optical spectroscopy, optoelectronic manipulation, optical imaging and optical signal processing etc. The laser pulse multiplication, so ...far, is solely realized by using the optical setups or devices to modify the output laser pulse from the optical gain medium. The employment of these external techniques is because the gain medium itself is incapable of modifying or multiplying the generated laser pulse. Herein, with single femtosecond laser pulse excitation, we achieve the double-pulsed stimulated emission with pulse duration of around 40 ps and pulse interval of around 70 ps from metal-halide perovskite multiple quantum wells. These unique stimulated emissions originate from one fast vertical and the other slow lateral high-efficiency carrier funneling from low-dimensional to high-dimensional quantum wells. Furthermore, such gain medium surprisingly possesses nearly Auger-free stimulated emission. These insights enable us a fresh approach to multiple the ultrashort laser pulse by gain medium.
While the diversity of global environmental RNA viruses has remained largely unexplored, recent advances have reported on the discovery of over 106 RNA viral contigs from both terrestrial and marine ...ecosystems that will help us to better understand the diversity, evolution, ecological roles, and transmission of RNA viruses.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chidamide, a novel subtype-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), can directly inhibit tumor cell cycle progression, induce tumor cell apoptosis, and restore the sensitivity of ...drug-resistant tumor cells to drugs by loosening chromatin and exposing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The protocol of this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Jiangsu Province Hospital and Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital (No. 2017-SR-271). ...63 patients were included in the per-protocol set (PPS) Supplementary Figure 1, http://links.lww.com/CM9/B617. ...chidamide with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 achieved an objective response rate of 58.3% and a CR rate of 44.4% in treating advanced and relapsed/refractory ENKTL.
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