The poor reversibility and stability of Zn metal anode (ZMA) caused by uncontrolled Zn deposition behaviors and serious side reactions severely impeded the practical application of aqueous Zn metal ...battery. Herein, a liquid‐dynamic and self‐adaptive protective layer (LSPL) was constructed on the ZMA surface for inhibiting dendrites and by‐products formation. Interestingly, the outer LSPL consists of liquid perfluoropolyether (PFPE), which can dynamically adapt volume change during repeat cycling and inhibit side reactions. Moreover, it can also decrease the de‐solvation energy barrier of Zn2+ by strong interaction between C–F bond and foreign Zn2+, improving Zn2+ transport kinetics. For the LSPL inner region, in‐situ formed ZnF2 through the spontaneous chemical reaction between metallic Zn and part PFPE can establish an unimpeded Zn2+ migration pathway for accelerating ion transfer, thereby restricting Zn dendrites formation. Consequently, the LSPL‐modified ZMA enables reversible Zn deposition/dissolution up to 2000 h at 1 mA cm−2 and high coulombic efficiency of 99.8% at 4 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, LSPL@Zn||NH4V4O10 full cells deliver an ultralong cycling lifespan of 100 00 cycles with 0.0056% per cycle decay rate at 10 A g−1. This self‐adaptive layer provides a new strategy to improve the interface stability for next‐generation aqueous Zn battery.
A liquid‐dynamic and self‐adaptive protective layer is constructed on the Zn metal surface to dynamically adapt the volume change and rapidly repair the cracks of Zn metal anode, thereby inhibiting dendrite and side reaction formation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In extremely low-temperature environments such as aerospace and polar regions, advanced elastic thermal insulation materials are urgently needed but their development is challenging, as traditional ...elastic insulators are completely "frozen", lose elasticity and become brittle. Herein, we proposed a novel structural elastic strategy to create an ultralow-temperature elastic polymer aerogel with highly oriented thin nanosheets and hierarchically honeycomb-like architectures from low-cost raw materials. This approach endowed the polymer aerogel with superelasticity and high strength at liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C), where the aerogel can bear more than 10 000 times its weight and repeatedly recover to its original size after force removal. The underlying structural elastic mechanism was revealed by finite element simulation calculation. The resultant robust aerogel also displayed an excellent extreme-condition thermal insulation, which could maintain a pleasant interior environment with small temperature changes under harsh external environments from liquid nitrogen to fire scenarios. It combined the great features of ultralow-temperature superelasticity with high mechanical strength, excellent thermal insulation under extremely harsh conditions, fire retardancy, and performance stability. These results provide new insights and general methods for the development of advanced super-elastic polymeric insulators with high strength at ultralow temperatures.
Taking advantage of structural elastic strategy to create polymer aerogels with ultralow-temperature superelasticity. The aerogels also display low thermal conductivity, excellent thermal insulation under harsh conditions, flame retardancy, and performance stability.
This study aims to extend the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)‒Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method for reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils. This approach is used ...to explore the influences of the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties on the probability of failure (Pf) of the slopes. In the proposed approach, the relationship between the factor of safety and the soil strength parameters characterized with spatial variability is approximated by the MARS, with the aid of Karhunen–Loève expansion. MCS is subsequently performed on the established MARS model to evaluate Pf. Finally, a nominally homogeneous cohesive‒frictional slope and a heterogeneous cohesive slope, which are both characterized with different spatial variabilities, are utilized to illustrate the proposed approach. Results showed that the proposed approach can estimate the Pf of the slopes efficiently in spatially variable soils with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, the approach is relatively robust to the influence of different statistics of soil properties, thereby making it an effective and practical tool for addressing slope reliability problems concerning time-consuming deterministic stability models with low levels of Pf. Furthermore, disregarding the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties can overestimate or underestimate the Pf. Although the difference is small in general, the multiscale spatial variability of the soil properties must still be considered in the reliability analysis of heterogeneous slopes, especially for those highly related to cost effective and accurate designs.
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•Efficient slope reliability analysis using MARS and K-L expansion is proposed.•Influence of soil statistics and multi-scale spatial variability is fully studied.•Neglecting the soil multi-scale spatial variability would give unreasonable Pf.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recently, kaempferol and its glycosides have attracted considerable attention owing to their potentially health‐benefitting properties including protection against chronic diseases. Here, a ...microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed for the extraction of total flavonoid glycosides (FG) from Camellia oleifera meal, a major agrifood waste largely generated as a byproduct from the Camellia oil processing industry. Compared with traditional extraction methods, MAE enables more efficient extraction of FG. High‐speed countercurrent chromatography was then applied to separate FG from MAE extract, and two major compounds were successfully separated with purities above 90.0% as determined by HPLC. These two compounds were further identified by UV, FT‐IR, ESI‐MS, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR as kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐7‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside, which were for the first time separated from C. oleifera meal. The results of antioxidant activity assay demonstrated that both compounds had excellent scavenging activity for DPPH radical, and exhibited protective effects against H2O2‐induced oxidative damage of vascular endothelial cells. The findings of this work suggest the possibility of employing C. oleifera meal as an attractive source of health‐promoting compounds, and at the same time facilitate its high‐value reuse and reduction of environmental burden.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect and antiviral activity of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in crucian carp and epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. Two ...diets containing 0 and 2 g/kg, APS were fed crucian carp for 56 days. The results showed that supplementation with APS significantly upregulated the immune-related indices including the levels of IgM, the activities of LZM, AKP and ACP, and the contents of C3 and C4. At the same time, compared with the CK group, adding APS to the feed significantly upregulated the expression of IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-γ, MyD88, TGF-β and TNF-α in the spleen, kidney, liver and intestine of crucian carp. In addition, when the crucian carp were injected with SVCV, the survival rates of fish in the APS group and the control group were 48.87% and 13.76%, respectively. These results indicated that dietary APS could improve the resistance of crucian carp against SVCV infection. APS also significantly decreased viral titer and inhibited apoptosis induced by SVCV in EPC cells. These results indicated that APS could stimulate the immune response of crucian carp and improve the abilities of crucian carp and EPC cells to resist SVCV infection.
•Supplementing Astragalus polysaccharides can significantly up-regulate immune parameters and enhance the immune response of crucian carp.•Dietary Astragalus polysaccharides could improve the resistance of crucian carp against SVCV infection.•Astragalus polysaccharides could significantly decrease viral titer and inhibited apoptosis induced by SVCV in EPC cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective
To determine the gender differences in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients with advanced hip involvement.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the 373 consecutive AS patients with advanced ...hip involvement from 2012 to 2017 and divided them into two groups by sex with 340 men and 33 women. Research data on hip involvement in the patients were obtained from medical records and radiographs. The severity of radiographic hip involvement was evaluated by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index (BASRI‐hip) scoring system. The data on clinical characteristics, radiographic hip involvement, and laboratory values were compared between the two groups. The comparison was performed again between the two groups after adjusting for the onset age and disease duration by propensity score matching (PSM).
Results
Men underwent total hip arthroplasty earlier than women in the patients, with a median age of 31 years (range, 19–67 years) vs 36 years (range, 23–67 years), respectively (P < 0.05). Hip involvement was found to be younger in men than that in women, with a median age of 18 years (range, 7–56 years) vs 23 years (range, 5–55 years) (P < 0.05), and men with bilateral onset in hips had a higher frequency than women with that (66.2% vs 39.4%) (P < 0.05). There was no gender difference in the proportion of bilateral advanced hip involvement (85.3% vs 72.7%) (P > 0.05). The proportion of the patients who had spinal involvement (89.1% vs 69.7%), flexion contracture in the hip (43.8% vs 24.2%), hip range of motion =0° (53.5% vs 30.3%), and an elevated level of C‐reactive protein (CRP) (69.1% vs 51.5%) was significantly higher in men than that in women (P < 0.05). After adjusting for the onset age and disease duration by PSM (1:1), men with bilateral onset in hips still had a higher frequency than women with that (76.7% vs 40.0%), and the proportion of the patients who had spinal involvement (90.0% vs 66.7%) and an elevated level of CRP (80.0% vs 53.3%) was significantly higher in men than that in women (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The disease pattern of hip involvement in AS has gender differences, with bilateral onset being the dominant pattern in men and unilateral onset being more common in women. However, the frequency of bilateral advanced hip involvement has no gender difference eventually. The higher prevalence of spinal involvement in men with AS may be responsible for the more severe functional impairment compared with women.
The disease pattern of hip involvement in AS has gender differences. Bilateral onset is the main pattern of hip involvement in male patients, while unilateral onset is more common in female ones. However, the proportion of bilateral advanced hip involvement has no gender difference eventually.
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By identifying a norm capturing the effect of the forcing governed by the Poisson equation, we give a detailed spectrum analysis on the linearized Vlasov–Poisson–Boltzmann system around a global ...Maxwellian. It is shown that the electric field governed by the self-consistent Poisson equation plays a key role in the analysis so that the spectrum structure is genuinely different from the well-known one of the Boltzmann equation. Based on this, we give the optimal time decay rates of solutions to the equilibrium.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study aims to establish a cellulose pretreatment process using ionic liquids (ILs) for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis. The IL 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate (EMIMDEP) was ...selected in view of its low viscous and the potential of accelerating enzymatic hydrolysis, and it could be recyclable. The yield of reducing sugars from wheat straw pretreated with this IL at 130
°C for 30
min reached 54.8% after being enzymatically hydrolyzed for 12
h. Wheat straw regenerated were hydrolyzed more easily than that treated with water. The fermentability of the hydrolyzates, obtained after enzymatic saccharification of the regenerated wheat straw, was evaluated using
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This microbe could ferment glucose efficiently, and the ethanol production was 0.43
g/g glucose within 26
h. In conclusion, the IL EMIMDEP shows promise as pretreatment solvent for wheat straw, although its cost should be reduced and in-depth exploration of this subject is needed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The Navier-Stokes systems for compressible fluids with density-dependent viscosities are considered in the present paper. These equations, in particular, include the ones which are rigorously derived ...recently as the Saint-Venant system for the motion of shallow water, from the Navier-Stokes system for incompressible flows with a moving free surface 14. These compressible systems are degenerate when vacuum state appears. We study initial-boundary-value problems for such systems for both bounded spatial domains or periodic domains. The dynamics of weak solutions and vacuum states are investigated rigorously.
First, it is proved that the entropy weak solutions for general large initial data satisfying finite initial entropy exist globally in time. Next, for more regular initial data, there is a global entropy weak solution which is unique and regular with well-defined velocity field for short time, and the interface of initial vacuum propagates along the particle path during this time period. Then, it is shown that for any global entropy weak solution, any (possibly existing) vacuum state must vanish within finite time. The velocity (even if regular enough and well-defined) blows up in finite time as the vacuum states vanish. Furthermore, after the vanishing of vacuum states, the global entropy weak solution becomes a strong solution and tends to the non-vacuum equilibrium state exponentially in time.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Hypoxia plays an important role in tumor progression, and the development of efficient methods for monitoring hypoxic degree in living systems is of great biomedical importance. In the solid tumors, ...the nitroreductase level is directly corresponded with the hypoxic status. Many one-photon excited fluorescent probes have been developed for hypoxia imaging in tumor cells via the detection of nitroreductase level. However, two-photon excited probes are more suitable for bioimaging. In this work, a two-photon probe 1 for nitroreductase detection and hypoxic status monitoring in living tumor cells and tissues was reported for the first time. The detection is based on the fact that the nitro-group of probe 1 could be selectively reduced to an amino-group by nitroreductase in the presence of reduced NADH, following by a 1,6-rearrangement-elimination to release the fluorophore, resulting in the enhancement of fluorescence. The probe exhibited both one-photon and two-photon excited remarkable fluorescence enhancement (∼70-fold) for nitroreductase, which afforded a high sensitivity for nitroreductase, with a detection limit of 20 ng/mL observed. Moreover, the applications of the probe for fluorescent bioimaging of hypoxia in living cells and two-photon bioimaging in tissues were carried out, with tissue-imaging depths of 70–160 μm observed, which demonstrates its practical application in complex biosystems.
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