A novel, reproducible, and simple solution-based process for the fabrication of CuInS2 absorber layers and CdS buffer layers for photovoltaics is presented. In this process, a precursor solution is ...deposited on a substrate, after which sintered NCs are formed in situ at temperatures as low as 250 °C. Solar cell efficiencies of up to 4% have been demonstrated using this novel fabrication method.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
2D ternary systems provide another degree of freedom of tuning physical properties through stoichiometry variation. However, the controllable growth of 2D ternary materials remains a huge challenge ...that hinders their practical applications. Here, for the first time, by using a gallium/indium liquid alloy as the precursor, the synthesis of high‐quality 2D ternary Ga2In4S9 flakes of only a few atomic layers thick (≈2.4 nm for the thinnest samples) through chemical vapor deposition is realized. Their UV‐light‐sensing applications are explored systematically. Photodetectors based on the Ga2In4S9 flakes display outstanding UV detection ability (R
λ = 111.9 A W−1, external quantum efficiency = 3.85 × 104%, and D* = 2.25 × 1011 Jones@360 nm) with a fast response speed (τring ≈ 40 ms and τdecay ≈ 50 ms). In addition, Ga2In4S9‐based phototransistors exhibit a responsivity of ≈104 A W−1@360 nm above the critical back‐gate bias of ≈0 V. The use of the liquid alloy for synthesizing ultrathin 2D Ga2In4S9 nanostructures may offer great opportunities for designing novel 2D optoelectronic materials to achieve optimal device performance.
High‐quality 2D ternary n‐type Ga2In4S9 flakes are synthesized through a liquid‐metal‐alloy‐assisted chemical vapor deposition method. Photodetectors based on the Ga2In4S9 flakes display outstanding UV detection ability with fast response speed. In addition, under the synergistic effect of the back gate and illumination, Ga2In4S9‐based phototransistors exhibit a responsivity up to ≈104 A W−1.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The Zhanbuzhale region, in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen of northwestern China, is characterized by large volumes of Phanerozoic granitoid rocks and is an ideal region for investigating the tectonic ...evolution of the Paleo-Tethys system. However, the exact timing of the final closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and initial continental collision remains controversial because of a lack of precise geochronological and detailed geochemical data. In this paper, we report new zircon U-Pb ages and mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical data for samples of Middle Triassic granodiorite and alkali feldspar granite from the Zhanbuzhale region. The zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the granodiorite and alkali feldspar granite formed at 239 and 236 Ma, respectively. The granodiorites are high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous, high Sr content, high Sr/Y ratios, low Y content, and show adakite-like affinities. The alkali feldspar granites display high SiO2, extremely low MgO, and low Zr+Nb+Ce+Y contents as well as low Fe2O3t/MgO ratios, showing metaluminous to peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline features. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the alkali feldspar granites suggest that they are highly fractionated I-type granites. The granodiorites and alkali feldspar granites have zircon εHf(t) values ranging from -2.26 to -0.18, and from -2.17 to +2.18, respectively. Together with regional geological data, we propose that the Triassic (approximately 239-236 Ma) granitoids were generated during the later stages of northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic plate, and that the initial stage of collision between the East Kunlun and the Bayan Har-Songpan Ganzi terrane occurred at approximately 236-227 Ma.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein, HBx, interacts with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins through its BH3-like motif to promote HBV replication and cytotoxicity. Here we report the crystal ...structure of HBx BH3-like motif in complex with Bcl-xL where the BH3-like motif adopts a short α-helix to snuggle into a hydrophobic pocket in Bcl-xL via its noncanonical Trp120 residue and conserved Leu123 residue. This binding pocket is ~2 Å away from the canonical BH3-only binding pocket in structures of Bcl-xL with proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. Mutations altering Trp120 and Leu123 in HBx impair its binding to Bcl-xL in vitro and HBV replication in vivo, confirming the importance of this motif to HBV. A HBx BH3-like peptide, HBx-aa113-135, restores HBV replication from a HBx-null HBV replicon, while a shorter peptide, HBx-aa118-127, inhibits HBV replication. These results provide crucial structural and functional insights into drug designs for inhibiting HBV replication and treating HBV patients.
A significant population within the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana relies solely on untreated groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) for various purposes. However, negative practices associated ...with increasing human activities pose threats to particularly GW quality in the basin. Using NO3− as a proxy, this study mainly focused on the status of GW contamination, origins of NO3− and potential human health risks through integrated hydrochemistry, correlation analysis, isotopes (15N, δ18O), Bayesian and USEPA human health risk models. Slightly acidic to alkaline GW and SW environments were observed. Electrical conductivity (EC) values above 1000 μS/cm were recorded in 45% of the GW with a maximum of 19370 μS/cm. NO3− in GW ranged from 0.12 to 733 mg/L with average 59.6 mg/L and positively correlated with K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, Na+ and EC. In SW, a maximum of 5.3 mg/L of NO3− was observed. Largely, 75% of the GW exceeded local background NO3− value of 2.1 mg/L, while 35% were above the WHO recommended value of 50 mg/L. Bivariate and correlation relationships elucidated human contributions to sources of NO3−, Cl−, SO42− and K+ to GW in the basin. From NO3−/Cl− ratio, 43% of the GW and 21% of SW were affected by effluents and agrochemicals. Values for δ15N–NO3- and δ18O–NO3- ranged from +4.2‰ to +27.5‰ and +4.5‰ to +19.9‰ for GW, and from +3.8‰ to +14.0‰ and +10.7‰ to +25.2‰ for SW. Manure, septic effluents and mineralized fertilizers are sources of NO3− contamination of water in the basin. The Bayesian model apportioned 80% of GW NO3− contamination to sewage/manure. Hazard index indicated 70%, 50% and 48% medium to high-risk levels for infants, children and adults respectively, with 79% high-risk of SW NO2− contamination to infants. Immediate measures for GW and SW quality protection are recommended.
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•Linkage established between NO3−, groundwater chemistry and anthropogenic impacts.•Manure, effluent and fertilizers are main sources of NO3− contamination.•The posterior probability distributions of groundwater NO3− varied significantly.•Medium to high human health risks posed by NO3− and NO2− in drinking water.•Outcomes can create awareness for groundwater quality protection and management.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Accurate retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) over urban areas is of great significance for urban thermal environment monitoring. In previous studies, most of the urban LST retrieval methods ...were developed based on the assumption of a flat surface without considering the influence of urban 3-D geometry structure, which has a significant impact on the retrieval accuracy of LST over urban areas. In this study, a radiative transfer equation (RTE)-based single-channel method was developed to retrieve LST with urban geometry effect correction from the Landsat 8 thermal infrared (TIR) data in band 10. The increase in adjacent radiance from the surrounding pixels and the decrease in atmospheric downwelling radiance caused by urban geometry structure were taken into account in this method. Because it is difficult to directly validate the retrieval accuracy of LST over urban areas using in situ LST measurements, the performance of the RTE-based LST retrieval method was evaluated via comparing brightness temperature (BT) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) simulated by the discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) model and the urban RTE over three subregions. There is a good agreement between BT at the TOA simulated by the DART model and the urban RTE, with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of less than 0.25 K. The variations in LST retrieved with urban geometry effect correction over different local climate zones (LCZs) were analyzed. In general, built-up LCZs have relatively higher LST than land cover LCZs. The differences between LST retrieved without/with urban geometry effect correction over different LCZs are greater than 0.2 K. The largest average LST difference over built-up LCZs is approximately 0.9 K, whereas that over land cover LCZs is approximately 0.65 K. LST retrieved without/with urban geometry effect correction was used to calculate urban heat island intensity (UHII) in terms of the LCZ-based method. The results indicate that UHII calculated from LST with urban geometry effect correction is lower than that calculated from LST without urban geometry effect correction, with an average difference of approximately 0.5 K.
Floods in global large rivers modulate the transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and estuarine hydrological characteristics significantly. This study investigated the impact of a severe flood ...on the sources and age of DOC in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in 2020. Comparing the flood period in 2020 to the non-flood period in 2017, we found that the flood enhanced the transport of young DOC to the East China Sea (ECS), resulting in significantly enriched Δ14C-DOC values. During the flood period, the proportion of modern terrestrial organic carbon (OC) was significantly higher compared to the non-flood period. Conversely, the proportion of pre-aged sediment OC was significantly lower during the flood period. The high turbidity associated with the flood facilitated rapid transformation and mineralization of sedimentary and fresh terrestrial OC, modifying the sources of DOC. The flux of modern terrestrial OC transported to the ECS during the flood period was 1.58 times higher than that of the non-flood period. These findings suggest that floods can modulate the sources and decrease the age of DOC, potentially leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Further research is needed to understand the long-term impacts of floods on DOC dynamics in global estuaries.
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•The flood enhances the transport of young DOC in the YRE.•The flood modulates the sources of DOC in the YRE.•The proportion of modern terrestrial OC is higher during the flood period.•The high turbidity associated with the flood promotes the transformation of young OC.•The flux of modern terrestrial OC during the flood period is 1.58 times higher.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Ternary complexes of WPI with calcium and gum Arabic stabilized O/W emulsions.•Gum Arabic and calcium improved the resveratrol content at the oil-water interface.•Gum Arabic ...counteracted negative effect of CaCl2 on the stability of resveratrol.•Resveratrol increased the oxidative stability of emulsified sunflower oil.•WPI-Ca-GA emulsions could be used to co-encapsulate functional oils and polyphenols.
In protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, a co-emulsifier may also be an antioxidant, increasing the oxidative stability of the oil and adding nutritional value to the formulation. We investigated the impact of gum Arabic on the partition and stability of resveratrol in sunflower oil emulsions produced using whey protein isolate in the absence and presence of calcium. Gum Arabic increased the protein and resveratrol contents at the oil-water interface and the stability of resveratrol, which was enhanced by calcium. Resveratrol increased the oxidative stability of the oil. These results indicate that resveratrol is stable in the interfacial membrane of emulsions made with whey protein isolate, calcium and gum Arabic and suggest that oil-in-water emulsions could be used as potential carriers of co-encapsulated functional oils and polyphenolic antioxidants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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