While a growing number of farmers migrate to urban sectors to engage in off-farm employment, little is known whether and how the migration working experience (MWE) changes farmers, especially their ...social capital. Using a survey data set with 2863 farm households in 14 provinces in China, we developed a mediation model to examine the impact of MWE on social capital, as well as the roles of household income, farmers' risk attitude, and information and communications technologies (ICTs). We show that MWE has a significantly positive impact on social capital and weak ties in social capital, which is mediated by household income, risk attitude, and ICT adoption. In particular, MWE can increase income, enhance risk preference, and promote ICT adoption, thus, leading to higher social capital. Moreover, ICTs play a moderating role in the impact of MWE on income and risk preference, that is, ICTs can decrease the impact of MWE on income, and completely substitute the impact of MWE on risk attitude. Our study provides an explanation for the reason why farmers are willing to migrate despite unfavorable working conditions they may endure in urban areas.
Li‐rich layered oxide cathodes with conventional transition metal cation and unique oxygen anion redox reactions deliver high capacities in Li‐ion batteries. However, the oxygen redox process causes ...the oxygen release, voltage fading/hysteresis, and sluggish electrochemical kinetics, which undermine the performance of these materials. By combining operando quick‐scanning X‐ray absorption spectroscopy with online gas chromatography, the effect of the local electronic structure is elucidated on the reaction mechanism and electrochemical kinetics of Li‐rich cathodes. The local electronic structure of Li‐rich cathodes varies with the excess Li (i.e., Li2MnO3 phase) and Ni contents. Compared to the Li‐rich cathodes with higher amounts of Li2MnO3 phase (high excess lithium content (HLC) cathode), those with lower Li2MnO3 contents (low excess lithium content (LLC) cathode) exhibit reversible anion redox reactions and suppressed voltage hysteresis. The cation oxidation process of LLC cathode is kinetically slower than that of HLC cathode and the cation oxidation potential is shifted, likely due to the local coordination associated with different Li/O ratios. The obtained insights into the effect of local electronic structure on the reaction mechanism and kinetics provide a better understanding and control of Li‐rich cathodes.
This research reveals the reaction mechanism and electrochemical kinetics of Li‐rich cathodes using in operando quick‐scanning X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. With the control of Li2MnO3 domain, cation migration and voltage decay were suppressed. The electrochemical stability and kinetics of tradition metal (TM) redox can be tuned by modifying the local coordination structure of Li‐rich cathode.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A unique “clean‐lifting transfer” (CLT) technique that applies a controllable electrostatic force to transfer large‐area and high‐quality CVD‐grown graphene onto various rigid or flexible substrates ...is reported. The CLT technique without using any organic support or adhesives can produce residual‐free graphene films with large‐area processability, and has great potential for future industrial production of graphene‐based electronics or optoelectronics.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Metal–organic framework (MOF) solids with their variable functionalities are relevant for energy conversion technologies. However, the development of electroactive and stable MOFs for ...electrocatalysis still faces challenges. Here, a molecularly engineered MOF system featuring a 2D coordination network based on mercaptan–metal links (e.g., nickel, as for Ni(DMBD)‐MOF) is designed. The crystal structure is solved from microcrystals by a continuous‐rotation electron diffraction (cRED) technique. Computational results indicate a metallic electronic structure of Ni(DMBD)‐MOF due to the Ni–S coordination, highlighting the effective design of the thiol ligand for enhancing electroconductivity. Additionally, both experimental and theoretical studies indicate that (DMBD)‐MOF offers advantages in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) over non‐thiol (e.g., 1,4‐benzene dicarboxylic acid) analog (BDC)‐MOF, because it poses fewer energy barriers during the rate‐limiting *O intermediate formation step. Iron‐substituted NiFe(DMBD)‐MOF achieves a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at a small overpotential of 280 mV, indicating a new MOF platform for efficient OER catalysis.
Molecular design and crystal engineering strategy are applied to construct thiol‐functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). This MOF platform is successfully decorated with nickel–sulfur links cooperating in the network. The prepared 2D MOF with enhanced electro‐conductivity and modified electronic structure demonstrates superior activity and robust stability toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which paves the way to design MOFs at a molecular level.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Artificial sweeteners have been widely used in the modern diet, and their observed effects on human health have been inconsistent, with both beneficial and adverse outcomes reported. Obesity and type ...2 diabetes have dramatically increased in the U.S. and other countries over the last two decades. Numerous studies have indicated an important role of the gut microbiome in body weight control and glucose metabolism and regulation. Interestingly, the artificial sweetener saccharin could alter gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, raising questions about the contribution of artificial sweeteners to the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K), a FDA-approved artificial sweetener, is commonly used, but its toxicity data reported to date are considered inadequate. In particular, the functional impact of Ace-K on the gut microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of Ace-K on the gut microbiome and the changes in fecal metabolic profiles using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. We found that Ace-K consumption perturbed the gut microbiome of CD-1 mice after a 4-week treatment. The observed body weight gain, shifts in the gut bacterial community composition, enrichment of functional bacterial genes related to energy metabolism, and fecal metabolomic changes were highly gender-specific, with differential effects observed for males and females. In particular, ace-K increased body weight gain of male but not female mice. Collectively, our results may provide a novel understanding of the interaction between artificial sweeteners and the gut microbiome, as well as the potential role of this interaction in the development of obesity and the associated chronic inflammation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
3D organic‐inorganic metal halide perovskites are excellent materials for optoelectronic applications due to their exceptional properties, solution processability, and cost‐effectiveness. However, ...the lack of environmental stability highly restricts them from practical applications. Herein, a stable centimeter‐long 2D hybrid perovskite (N‐MPDA)PbBr4 single crystal using divalent N1‐methylpropane‐1,3‐diammonium (N‐MPDA) cation as an organic spacer, is reported. The as‐grown single crystal exhibits stable optoelectronic performance, low threshold random lasing, and multi‐photon luminescence/multi‐harmonic generation. A photoconductive device fabricated using (N‐MPDA)PbBr4 single crystal exhibits an excellent photoresponsivity (≈124 AW−1 at 405 nm) that is ≈4 orders of magnitudes higher than that of monovalent organic spacer‐assisted 2D perovskites, such as (BA)2PbBr4 and (PEA)2PbBr4, and large specific detectivity (≈1012 Jones). As an optical gain media, the (N‐MPDA)PbBr4 single crystal exhibits a low threshold random lasing (≈6.5 µJ cm−2) with angular dependent narrow linewidth (≈0.1 nm) and high‐quality factor (Q ≈ 2673). Based on these results, the outstanding optoelectronic merits of (N‐MPDA)PbBr4 single crystal will offer a high‐performance device and act as a dynamic material to construct stable future electronics and optoelectronic‐based applications.
Asymmetric diammonium di‐cation assisted nonlinear optical 2D (N‐MPDA)PbBr4 hybrid perovskite single crystal shows a stable photodetector performance with high responsivity, large specific detectivity, and functions as an optical gain medial for random lasing with high “Q” factor. The above features promising the asymmetric diammonium spacer will be highly beneficial in advancing 2D perovskite materials for steady optoelectronic applications.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Research suggests that socially anxious (SA) individuals exhibit poorer attentional inhibition than their non-anxious (NA) counterparts. Attentional control theory presumes that cognitive load ...worsens the adverse effects of anxiety on attentional inhibition. However, previous studies examined the effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in social anxiety yielded inconsistent results. In this study, cognitive load was manipulated by adding a 1-back (low cognitive load) and 2-back task (high cognitive load) to the emotional antisaccade task, investigating the effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in the presence of social evaluative stimuli in SA and NA individuals. Results revealed that cognitive load improved the efficiency but impeded the effectiveness of inhibitory attentional control in SA participants. Under high cognitive load, SA participants made more erroneous saccades for threat-related than nonthreat-related faces while NA participants showed no differences in error rates among different face types. Moreover, regardless of cognitive levels, SA participants had shorter saccade latencies for angry faces than happy and neutral faces. NA participants did not show differences in saccade latencies among different face types. Implications of these findings for understanding the role that cognitive load plays in the processes of attentional control and interventions for social anxiety are discussed.
•A novel dual-task paradigm manipulated low and high levels of cognitive load.•We examined effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in social anxiety.•Cognitive load facilitated inhibition efficiency in socially anxious participants.•Cognitive load also increased inhibition failures in socially anxious participants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The underlying mechanism involved in ovarian cancer stemness and chemoresistance remains largely unknown. Here, we explored whether the regulation of c-Kit and plasma membrane prohibitin (PHB) ...affects ovarian cancer stemness and chemotherapy resistance.
Mass spectrum analysis and an in vitro kinase assay were conducted to examine the phosphorylation of PHB at tyrosine 259 by c-Kit. The in vitro effects of c-Kit on membrane raft-PHB in ovarian cancer were determined using tissue microarray (TMA)-based immunofluorescence, western blotting, immunoprecipitation, colony and spheroid formation, cell migration and cell viability assays. In vivo tumor initiation and carboplatin treatment were conducted in nude mice.
We found that c-Kit and PHB colocalized in the raft domain and were positively correlated in human ovarian serous carcinoma. c-Kit interacted with PHB and facilitated the phosphorylation of PHB at tyrosine 259 (phospho-PHB
) in the membrane raft to enhance ovarian cancer cell motility. The generation of SKOV3GL-G4, a metastatic phenotype of SKOV3 green fluorescent protein and luciferase (GL) ovarian cancer cells, in xenograft murine ascites showed a correlation between metastatic potential and stem cell characteristics, as indicated by the expression of c-Kit, Notch3, Oct4, Nanog and SOX2. Further study revealed that after activation by c-Kit, raft-phospho-PHB
interacted with Notch3 to stabilize Notch3 and increase the downstream target PBX1. Downregulation of raft-phospho-PHB
increased the protein degradation of Notch3 through a lysosomal pathway and inhibited the β-catenin-ABCG2 signaling pathway. Moreover, raft-phospho-PHB
played an important role in ovarian cancer stemness and tumorigenicity as well as resistance to platinum drug treatment in vitro and in vivo.
These findings thus reveal a hitherto unreported interrelationship between c-Kit and PHB as well as the effects of raft-phospho-PHB
on ovarian cancer stemness and tumorigenicity mediated by the Notch3 and β-catenin signaling pathways. Targeting the c-Kit/raft-phospho-PHB
axis may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating patients with ovarian cancer.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The development of catalysts with abundant active interfaces for superior low‐temperature catalytic CO oxidation is critical to meet increasingly rigorous emission requirements, yet still ...challenging. Herein, this work reports a PtCo/CoOx/Al2O3 catalyst with PtCo clusters and enriched Pt─O─Co interfaces induced by hydrogen spillover from the Pt sites and self‐oxidation process in air, exhibiting excellent performance for CO oxidation at low temperatures and humid conditions. The combination of structural characterizations and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals that the PtCo cluster effectively prevents CO saturation/poisoning on the Pt surface. Additionally, the presence of Pt─O─Co interfaces in the PtCo/CoOx/Al2O3 catalyst provides a significant number of active sites for oxygen activation and ─OH formation. This facilitates efficient generation of CO2 at ambient temperature by coupling with nearby adsorbed CO molecules, resulting in superior low‐temperature activity and long‐term stability for CO oxidation under humid conditions. This work provides a facile route toward rationalizing the design of catalysts with more active interfaces for superior low‐temperature CO oxidation under humid conditions for practical applications.
Hydrogen spillover strategy is developed for preparing PtCo/CoOx/Al2O3 catalyst with PtCo clusters and abundant Pt─O─Co interfaces. The well‐prepared catalyst is conducive to O2 activation and the dissociation of H2O to form ─OH, resulting in significant enhancement over CO oxidation activity and stability under humid conditions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Patients with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma after receiving definitive treatment have poor prognoses. Although immune checkpoint therapies have achieved breakthroughs for treating recurrent and ...metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma, none of these strategies have been assessed for treating residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In this single-arm, phase 2 trial, we aimed to evaluate the antitumor efficacy and safety of toripalimab (anti-PD1 antibody) plus capecitabine in patients with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma after definitive treatment (ChiCTR1900023710). Primary endpoint of this trial was the objective response rate assessed according to RECIST (version 1.1). Secondary endpoints included complete response rate, disease control rate, duration of response, progression-free survival, safety profile, and treatment compliance. Between June 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021, 23 patients were recruited and received six cycles of toripalimab plus capecitabine every 3 weeks. In efficacy analyses, 13 patients (56.5%) had complete response, and 9 patients (39.1%) had partial response, with an objective response rate of 95.7% (95% CI 78.1-99.9). The trial met its prespecified primary endpoint. In safety analyses, 21 of (91.3%) 23 patients had treatment-related adverse events. The most frequently reported adverse event was hand-foot syndrome (11 patients 47.8%). The most common grade 3 adverse event was hand-foot syndrome (two patients 8.7%). No grades 4-5 treatment-related adverse events were recorded. This phase 2 trial shows that combining toripalimab with capecitabine has promising antitumour activity and a manageable safety profile for patients with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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