Surface texture (ST) has been confirmed as an effective and economical surface treatment technique that can be applied to a great range of materials and presents growing interests in various ...engineering fields. Ti6Al4V which is the most frequently and successfully used titanium alloy has long been restricted in tribological-related operations due to the shortcomings of low surface hardness, high friction coefficient, and poor abrasive wear resistance. Ti6Al4V has benefited from surface texture-based surface treatments over the last decade. This review begins with a brief introduction, analysis approaches, and processing methods of surface texture. The specific applications of the surface texture-based surface treatments for improving surface performance of Ti6Al4V are thoroughly reviewed from the point of view of tribology and biology.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Titanium and titanium alloys have been restricted in tribology-related field, because of their disadvantages, such as low surface hardness, high friction coefficient and poor wear resistance. Various ...surface modification techniques have been applied to improve their deficiencies. As a new technology of severe surface plastic deformation, ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technique has been widely used to realize the surface treatment of various materials, and also has attracted wide attention in many engineering fields. This review begins with a brief introductionof the basic concept and the modification mechanism of the UNSM technique. The specific applications of the UNSM technique for improving the tribological and fatigue properties of titanium and its alloys were reviewed and summarized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Higher performance is steadily required in the field of material surface engineering, especially in terms of surface degradation of mechanical parts and repair and renewal of surfaces. By preparing a ...more reasonable surface design and improving the surface composition and structure of the material, the surface modification layer can provide an important potential solution to the surface degradation problem. The coatings obtained by double glow plasma surface alloying (DGPSA) technology are a compelling method in current and future applications because of a unique combination of characteristics including pollution-free, the gradient distribution of the alloying elements and the strong metallurgical bonding between the alloying layer and the matrix. In recent years, with the increasing requirements for the surface properties of materials in various environments, the layer prepared by DGPSA technology is developing toward alloying, functionalization and nanometer. This review begins with a brief introduction of double glow plasma surface alloying. The recent developments of the double glow plasma surface alloying technology for improving various surface performance are systematically reviewed in the sight of applied material, background, duplex treatment and duplex coating preparation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
► Continuous and compact TiN coating was formed on TC4 by multi-arc ion plating. ► The obtained coating consisted of pure TiN. ► TiN coating could significantly reduce bacterial adhesion. ► TiN ...coating showed better corrosion resistance than TC4.
TiN coating was synthesized on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy surface by multi-arc ion plating (MIP) technique. Surface morphology, cross sectional microstructure, elemental distributions and phase compositions of the obtained coating were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope (OM), glow discharge optical emission spectroscope (GDOES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bacterial adhesion and corrosion performance of Ti6Al4V and the TiN coating were assessed via in vitro bacterial adhesion tests and corrosion experiments, respectively. The results indicated that continuous and compact coating which was built up by pure TiN with a typical columnar crystal structure has reached a thickness of 1.5μm. This TiN coating could significantly reduce the bacterial adhesion and enhance the corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V substrate.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In this study, a titanizing coating was prepared on AISI 316 stainless steel (316 SS) using the pack cementation technique at 1173 K for 6 h. The microstructural characteristics and surface hardness ...of the titanizing coating were systematically analyzed. The bonding strength between the titanizing coating and the 316 SS substrate was also measured. Comparative assessments of the corrosion resistance and tribological behavior of the titanizing coating and 316 SS were conducted. The results showed that the coating was compact and uniform, and it reached a thickness of 5 μm. The concentration of Ti exhibited a gradient distribution along the titanizing coating. Titanizing enhanced the surface hardness of the 316 SS and the coating obtained was strongly bonded with the 316 SS substrate. As expected, the titanizing coating exhibited better anti-corrosion properties than the bare 316 SS. The titanizing coating also provided considerable protection to the 316 SS in friction-wearing tests. The excellent anti-corrosion and wear resistance properties of the titanizing coating were due to its high chemical stability, hardness, and bonding strength. The titanizing treatment may allow the production of a working surface on 316 SS with improved anti-corrosion and wear resistance properties.
•Titanizing coating deposited onto the surface of 316 SS.•Titanizing coating bonded strongly to 316 SS.•Titanizing coating provided protection to 316 SS.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
MAX phase materials a new family of ternary layered carbide and nitride compounds are represented by the general formula of M
n+1
AX
n
, where n = 1 ∼ 3, M stands for early transition metal, A ...express A-group elements, and X is either nitrogen or carbon. As early as 1960s, this materials had been paied much attention due to their unique physical properties combination of metals and ceramics such as machinability, low hardness, excellent electrical, good thermal conductivity, damage tolerance, thermal shock resistance, high elastic moduli, oxidation and corrosion resistance. Therefore, MAX phase ceramics can be used as structural and functional materials, and is regarded as an ideal strengthening phase for metal matrix composites. Researchers have recognized the potentially technologically important application of this emerging material in the fields of aerospace, high-speed rail, nuclear industry, gas igniter, heat exchanger, high thrust rocket nozzle, electric brush, kiln furniture, metal refining electrode and high-temperature seal. In recent years, a new research caused heightened concerns on MAX phase, as the feasibility of attaining MXenes via selectively etching these and removing of the A-group element. In this review, the development of MAX phase and th e characteristics and applications of its derivative of MXenes are introduced in the first place. Next, the structure, morphology, electronic structure and diversity of the MAX phase are described. Thirdly, the different preparation methods and related applications of MAX phase films, bulk materials and powder materials are systematically introduced according to the current preparation technologies. Finally, the future development potential of MAX phase and the related improvement of the research subject are prospected. It aims to provide theoretical guidance and new ideas for synthesizing and creating new and excellent MAX phase materials, so that this new type of material can be put into social production and application in large quantities.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
► Cu-containing stainless steel (Cu-SS and CuNi-SS) surfaces were prepared. ► Cu-SS exhibits a much stronger bactericidal activity than CuNi-SS. ► Cu ions were released from the Cu-SS surfaces. ► Cu ...ions action with cell membranes, resulting in bacterial death. ► Bacterial exposure to Cu-SS surfaces for short time did not result in DNA damage.
Stainless steels are one of the most common materials used in health care environments. However, the lack of antibacterial advantage has limited their use in practical application. In this paper, antibacterial stainless steel surfaces with different Cu contents have been prepared by plasma surface alloying technology (PSAT). The steel surface with Cu content 90wt.% (Cu-SS) exhibits strong bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) within 3h. Although the Cu-containing surface with Cu content 2.5wt.% (CuNi-SS) can also kill all tested bacteria, this process needs 12h. SEM observation of the bacterial morphology and an agarose gel electrophoresis were performed to study the antibacterial mechanism of Cu-containing stainless steel surfaces against E. coli. The results indicated that Cu ions are released when the Cu-containing surfaces are in contact with bacterial and disrupt the cell membranes, killing the bacteria. The toxicity of Cu-alloyed surfaces does not cause damage to the bacterial DNA. These results provide a scientific explanation for the antimicrobial applications of Cu-containing stainless steel. The surfaces with different antibacterial abilities could be used as hygienic surfaces in healthcare-associated settings according to the diverse requirement of bactericidal activities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
► Continuous chromizing coating was synthesized on P110 steel by pack cementation. ► The obtained coating consisted of MxCy and minor Cr2N. ► The tested samples showed different wear mechanisms in ...the sliding tests. ► The coating significantly improved hardness and wear resistance of P110 steel.
Chromizing coating was fabricated on P110 oil casing tube steel by employ of pack cementation to improve the performance and increase the life-time during operation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), glow discharge optical emission spectroscope (GDOES) and microhardness tester were used to investigate the surface morphology, cross-sectional microstructure, phase constitutions, element distribution and microhardness distribution of the coating. Friction and wear behaviors of P110 steel and chromizing coating were measured using a ball-on-disc type tribometer under sliding against two counterparts in dry and wet conditions. The variations in friction coefficient, mass loss and surface morphologies of the tested samples were systemically investigated and analyzed. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and SEM were employed to elucidate the wear mechanisms of the tested samples. The results showed that the obtained coating was uniform and compact, mainly consisted of MxCy and reached a thickness of 55μm. Chromizing coating had higher surface hardness and lower mass losses than that of P110 steel. When sliding against GCr15, chromizing coating showed no obvious friction–reduction effect, but indicated certain anti-friction property in sliding against Si3N4. The tested samples varied with surface hardness values and surface compositions have shown different wear mechanisms in the sliding tests. Chromizing treatment makes it possible to create on the working surface of P110 steel with enhanced surface hardness and wear resistance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The present work was aimed at developing the antibacterial Ag-containing TiO2 coatings on titanium by combining magnetron sputtering with micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The surface morphology, ...microstructure, chemical composition and chemical state of the Ag-containing TiO2 layers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The concentration of Ag in the sputtering-deposited AgTi layer on pure titanium was 13.9wt.%. The MAO coatings were prepared on the AgTi layers under different oxidation duration of 2, 5 and 8min. The size of the well-separated pores increased by increasing the oxidation duration. Metal Ag existed as Ag0 state was mainly distributed homogeneously inside the pores and the concentrations were 2.36, 2.05 and 1.50wt.%, respectively. The main TiO2 phases bearing Ca and P species appeared within the structure of the coatings were rutile and anatase. The Ag-containing coating oxidation for 5min showed excellent antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli (E.coli) within 24h and the antibacterial rate gradually raised with increasing contact time.
•Porous Ag-containing TiO2 coatings were prepared by a duplex-treatment.•The duplex-treatment consisted of magnetron sputtering and micro-arc oxidation.•Metal Ag existed as Ag0 state was mainly distributed inside the pores.•The main TiO2 phases that appeared in the coatings were rutile and anatase.•The duplex-treated coatings exhibited excellent antibacterial activity to E.coli.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
A Cu–Ni alloyed layer on titanium was obtained by using a plasma surface alloying technique to improve antibacterial activity and wear resistance. The microstructure and phase constituents of Cu–Ni ...alloyed layer were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial properties and wear resistance of treated titanium were investigated. The results show that the Cu–Ni alloyed titanium exhibits high antimicrobial activity to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) due to the formation of Cu-containing phase. Moreover, the Cu–Ni alloyed layer can greatly improve the hardness and wear resistance of pure titanium. It is expected that the Cu–Ni alloyed titanium combining excellent bactericidal ability with wear resistance might provide a durable antibacterial function for biomedical application.
•Cu–Ni alloyed layer was prepared on pure titanium.•Cu–Ni alloyed titanium exhibits strong bactericidal activity.•Cu–Ni alloyed layer can greatly improve the wear resistance of pure titanium.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
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