Global smartphone penetration has led to unprecedented addictive behaviors. The aims of this study are to develop diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction and to examine the discriminative ability ...and the validity of the diagnostic criteria.
We developed twelve candidate criteria for characteristic symptoms of smartphone addiction and four criteria for functional impairment caused by excessive smartphone use. The participants consisted of 281 college students. Each participant was systematically assessed for smartphone-using behaviors by psychiatrist's structured diagnostic interview. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the candidate symptom criteria were analyzed with reference to the psychiatrists' clinical global impression. The optimal model selection with its cutoff point of the diagnostic criteria differentiating the smartphone addicted subjects from non-addicted subjects was then determined by the best diagnostic accuracy.
Six symptom criteria model with optimal cutoff point were determined based on the maximal diagnostic accuracy. The proposed smartphone addiction diagnostic criteria consisted of (1) six symptom criteria, (2) four functional impairment criteria and (3) exclusion criteria. Setting three symptom criteria as the cutoff point resulted in the highest diagnostic accuracy (84.3%), while the sensitivity and specificity were 79.4% and 87.5%, respectively. We suggested determining the functional impairment by two or more of the four domains considering the high accessibility and penetration of smartphone use.
The diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction demonstrated the core symptoms "impaired control" paralleled with substance related and addictive disorders. The functional impairment involved multiple domains provide a strict standard for clinical assessment.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The current generation of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers introduces new opportunities to study quantum many-body systems. In this paper, we show that quantum circuits can provide a ...dramatically more efficient representation than current classical numerics of the quantum states generated under nonequilibrium quantum dynamics. For quantum circuits, we perform both real- and imaginary-time evolution using an optimization algorithm that is feasible on near-term quantum computers. We benchmark the algorithms by finding the ground state and simulating a global quench of the transverse-field Ising model with a longitudinal field on a classical computer. Furthermore, we implement (classically optimized) gates on a quantum processing unit and demonstrate that our algorithm effectively captures real-time evolution.
Multiple mediation analysis is a powerful methodology to assess causal effects in the presence of multiple mediators. Several methodologies, such as G‐computation and inverse‐probability‐weighting, ...have been widely used to draw inferences about natural indirect effects (NIEs). However, a limitation of these methods is their potential for model misspecification. Although powerful semiparametric methods with high robustness and consistency have been developed for inferring average causal effects and for analyzing the effects of a single mediator, a comparably robust method for multiple mediation analysis is still lacking. Therefore, this theoretical study proposes a method of using multiply robust estimators of NIEs in the presence of multiple ordered mediators. We show that the proposed estimators not only enjoy the multiply robustness to model misspecification, they are also consistent and asymptotically normal under regular conditions. We also performed simulations for empirical comparisons of the finite‐sample properties between our multiply robust estimators and existing methods. In an illustrative example, a dataset for liver disease patients in Taiwan is used to examine the mediating roles of liver damage and liver cancer in the pathway from hepatitis B/C virus infection to mortality. The model is implemented in the open‐source R package “MedMR.”
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Simulating quantum many‐body dynamics on classical computers is a challenging problem due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space. Artificial neural networks have recently been introduced as a ...new tool to approximate quantum many‐body states. The variational power of the restricted Boltzmann machine quantum states and different shallow and deep neural autoregressive quantum states to simulate the global quench dynamics of a non‐integrable quantum Ising chain is benchmarked. It is found that the number of parameters required to represent the quantum state at a given accuracy increases exponentially in time. The growth rate is only slightly affected by the network architecture over a wide range of different design choices: shallow and deep networks, small and large filter sizes, dilated and normal convolutions, and with and without shortcut connections.
The number of parameters required to accurately represent states undergoes global quantum quenches to time t
* with different variational wavefunctions. The results for matrix product states are shown by the black line in the image. The colored lines represent the results for different neural‐network wavefunctions. An exponential growth in time is observed for all neural‐network wavefunctions considered.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To determine whether policies to limit transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hinder spread of other infectious diseases, we analyzed the National Health ...Insurance database in Taiwan. Rates of other infections were significantly lower after SARS-CoV-2 prevention measures were announced. This finding can be applied to cost-effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 prevention.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent methodological developments in causal mediation analysis have addressed several issues regarding multiple mediators. However, these developed methods differ in their definitions of causal ...parameters, assumptions for identification, and interpretations of causal effects, making it unclear which method ought to be selected when investigating a given causal effect. Thus, in this study, we construct an integrated framework, which unifies all existing methodologies, as a standard for mediation analysis with multiple mediators. To clarify the relationship between existing methods, we propose four strategies for effect decomposition: two‐way, partially forward, partially backward, and complete decompositions. This study reveals how the direct and indirect effects of each strategy are explicitly and correctly interpreted as path‐specific effects under different causal mediation structures. In the integrated framework, we further verify the utility of the interventional analogues of direct and indirect effects, especially when natural direct and indirect effects cannot be identified or when crossworld exchangeability is invalid. Consequently, this study yields a robustness‐specificity trade‐off in the choice of strategies. Inverse probability weighting is considered for estimation. The four strategies are further applied to a simulation study for performance evaluation and for analyzing the Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer dataset from Taiwan to investigate the causal effect of hepatitis C virus infection on mortality.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Smartphone addiction is considered a form of technological addiction that has attracted increasing attention. The present study developed and validated the short‐form Smartphone Addiction Inventory ...(SPAI‐SF) and established cutoff point for screening smartphone addiction based on diagnostic criteria established by psychiatric interview. A total of 268 participants completed an online survey that collected demographic data, smartphone use behaviours, and responses to the 26‐item SPAI. Each participant also completed a psychiatric interview. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that the 10‐item SPAI‐SF replicated the structure of original 26‐item SPAI accurately, yielding a four‐factor model consisting of compulsive behaviour, functional impairment, withdrawal, and tolerance. For maximal diagnostic accuracy, a cutoff point of 24/25 best discriminated cases of smartphone addiction from diagnostic negatives. The present findings suggest that both the 26‐item SPAI and SPAI‐SF manifest the four constructs of behavioural addiction and the characteristics of smartphone addiction. The cutoff point determined by psychiatrists' diagnostic interview will be useful for clinical screening and epidemiologic research.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We propose an approach to conduct mediation analysis for survival data with time‐varying exposures, mediators, and confounders. We identify certain interventional direct and indirect effects through ...a survival mediational g‐formula and describe the required assumptions. We also provide a feasible parametric approach along with an algorithm and software to estimate these effects. We apply this method to analyze the Framingham Heart Study data to investigate the causal mechanism of smoking on mortality through coronary artery disease. The estimated overall 10‐year all‐cause mortality risk difference comparing “always smoke 30 cigarettes per day” versus “never smoke” was 4.3 (95% CI = (1.37, 6.30)). Of the overall effect, we estimated 7.91% (95% CI: = 1.36%, 19.32%) was mediated by the incidence and timing of coronary artery disease. The survival mediational g‐formula constitutes a powerful tool for conducting mediation analysis with longitudinal data.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Counterfactual‐model‐based mediation analysis can yield substantial insight into the causal mechanism through the assessment of natural direct effects (NDEs) and natural indirect effects (NIEs). ...However, the assumptions regarding unmeasured mediator‐outcome confounding and intermediate mediator‐outcome confounding that are required for the determination of NDEs and NIEs present practical challenges. To address this problem, we introduce an instrumental blocker, a novel quasi‐instrumental variable, to relax both of these assumptions, and we define a swapped direct effect (SDE) and a swapped indirect effect (SIE) to assess the mediation. We show that the SDE and SIE are identical to the NDE and NIE, respectively, based on a causal interpretation. Moreover, the empirical expressions of the SDE and SIE are derived with and without an intermediate mediator‐outcome confounder. Then, a multiply robust estimation method is derived to mitigate the model misspecification problem. We prove that the proposed estimator is consistent, asymptotically normal, and achieves the semiparametric efficiency bound. As an illustration, we apply the proposed method to genomic datasets of lung cancer to investigate the potential role of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the treatment of lung cancer.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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