MOFs have a highly ordered self‐assembled nanostructure, high surface area, nanoporosity with tunable size and shape, reliable host–guest interactions, and responsiveness to physical and chemical ...stimuli which can be exploited to address critical issues in sensor applications. On the one hand, the nanoscale pore size of MOFs ranging from less than 1 nm to ≈ 10 nm not only allows the diffusion of small molecules into the pores or through the MOF layer, but also excludes other larger molecules depending on the size, shape, and conformation of MOFs. On the other hand, MOFs with flexible structure exhibit a dynamic response to external stimuli, including guest molecules, temperature, pressure, pH, and light. Due to the unsaturated coordination metal sites and active functional groups, the interaction between certain analytes and active sites results in high selectivity. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on MOF‐based electronic sensors in terms of the function of MOFs, discuss challenges, and suggest perspectives.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that respond to physical and chemical stimuli are promising materials for electronic sensors owing to their outstanding sensing performance. In this Review, the functionality of MOFs as a mass‐loaded layer, filtration layer, electronic function layer, and optically sensitive layer is discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) marks the third highly pathogenic coronavirus to spill over into the human population. SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible ...with a broad tissue tropism that is likely perpetuating the pandemic. However, important questions remain regarding its transmissibility and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize current SARS-CoV-2 research, with an emphasis on transmission, tissue tropism, viral pathogenesis, and immune antagonism. We further present advances in animal models that are important for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development, and therapeutic testing. When necessary, comparisons are made from studies with SARS to provide further perspectives on coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as draw inferences for future investigations.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 from China and the rapidity of a worldwide pandemic has promoted global collaboration, built on a body of work established from previous SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks. These past experiences have aided the swiftness by which the research community has responded with an astonishing body of work.SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus in the Betacoronavirus genus and exhibits similarities to SARS-CoV in genome structure, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Yet, SARS-CoV-2 appears to be more transmissible and the diversity of immune responses are poorly understood.Highly pathogenic coronaviruses display potent interferon (IFN) antagonism, which is evident in cases of severe COVID-19 with reduced IFN signaling, and an overaggressive immune response compounded by heightened cytokines/chemokines.Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 recapitulate important aspects of human COVID-19 that are essential for evaluating current and prospective antiviral therapeutics and vaccine candidates.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Coagulation combined with sedimentation and GAC filter dominated the removal of MPs.•Coagulation combined with sedimentation tended to remove MPs in shape of fibres.•GAC filtration ...was prone to remove microplastics in size of 1–5 μm.•The abundance of 1–5 μm MPs from the effluent of ozonation increased by 2.8–16.0%.•A large amount of PAM was detected in the effluent of the sedimentation.
Microplastics (MPs) have attracted worldwide attention as the emerging persistent pollutants. Since they have been detected in raw water and the treated water of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), there was an urgent need to explore the properties and fates of microplastics in DWTPs. The characteristics of the effluent MPs from each treatment unit in an advanced drinking water treatment plant (ADWTP) were studied, and the relationship between the variations of MPs and the removal performances of treatment processes was also explored. Overall, both the coagulation combined with sedimentation and the granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration performed well in removing microplastics. The former had a removal efficiency of about 40.5–54.5%, mainly for fibres' removal, and the presence of GAC filtration reduced the microplastic abundance by about 56.8–60.9%, mainly for small-sized MPs. It was worthy of attention that a larger amount of polyacrylamide (PAM) was detected in the effluent of the sedimentation compared to raw water, which was caused by the usage of coagulant containing PAM. Specially, the number of 1–5 μm MPs in the effluent of ozonation tank was increased by 2.8–16.0%, resulting in a negative removal efficiency in ozonation. The removals of microplastics were depended primarily on their physical properties (size and shape).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), under construction in South China, primarily aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to precise measure the neutrino oscillation ...parameters. The data-taking is expected to start in 2024 and the detector plans to run for more than 20 years. The development of the JUNO offline software (JUNOSW) started in 2012, and it is quite challenging to maintain the JUNOSW for such a long time. In the last ten years, tools such as Subversion, Trac, and CMT had been adopted for software development. However, new stringent requirements came out, such as how to reduce the building time for the whole project, how to deploy offline algorithms to an online environment, and how to improve the code quality with code review and continuous integration. To meet the further requirements of software development, modern development tools are evaluated for JUNOSW, such as Git, GitLab, CMake, Docker, and Kubernetes. This contribution will present the software development system based on these modern tools for JUNOSW and the functionalities achieved: CMake macros are developed to simplify the build instructions for users; CMake generator expressions are used to control the build flags for the online and offline environments; a tool named git-junoenv is developed to help users partially checkout and build the software; a script is used to build and deploy the software on the CVMFS server; a Docker image with CVMFS client installed is created for continuous integration; a GitLab agent is set up to manage GitLab runners in Kubernetes with all the configurations in a GitLab repository.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hydrogels have promising applications in diverse areas, especially wet environments including tissue engineering, wound dressing, biomedical devices, and underwater soft robotics. Despite strong ...demands in such applications and great progress in irreversible bonding of robust hydrogels to diverse synthetic and biological surfaces, tough hydrogels with fast, strong, and reversible underwater adhesion are still not available. Herein, a strategy to develop hydrogels demonstrating such characteristics by combining macroscale surface engineering and nanoscale dynamic bonds is proposed. Based on this strategy, excellent underwater adhesion performance of tough hydrogels with dynamic ionic and hydrogen bonds, on diverse substrates, including hard glasses, soft hydrogels, and biological tissues is obtained. The proposed strategy can be generalized to develop other soft materials with underwater adhesion.
Tough hydrogels with fast, strong, and reversible underwater adhesion are developed by combining a clingfish‐inspired macroscale surface structure and nanoscale dynamic bonds. The surface structure accelerates water drainage, prevents water trapping and delays crack propagation; the dynamic bonds of the gel form reversible bridges at the interface and dissipate a significant amount of energy in bulk during detachment.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The first example of highly enantioselective fluoroarylation of gem‐difluoroalkenes with aryl halides is presented by using a new chiral sulfinamide phosphine (Sadphos) type ligand TY‐Phos. ...N‐Me‐TY‐Phos can be easily synthesized on a gram scale from readily available starting materials in three steps. Salient features of this work including readily available starting materials, good yields, high enantioselectivities as well as broad substrate scope make this approach very practical and attractive. Notably, the asymmetric synthesis of an analogue of a biologically active molecule is also reported.
Highly enantioselective fluoroarylation of gem‐difluoroalkenes with aryl halides is presented by using a new chiral sulfinamide phosphine (Sadphos) type ligand (TY‐Phos). The salient features of this reaction include readily available starting materials, high yields and enantioselectivity, and broad substrate scope.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper investigates the joint transceiver design for full-duplex (FD) multiple-input multiple-output relay systems where the direct link (DL) and nonlinear successive-interference-cancellation ...(SIC) detection are considered. The objective is to jointly optimize the source precoder, relay precoder, and receiver such that the resultant symbol-vector error rate (SVER) is minimized. The joint design is challenging since the coexistence of DL and FD relaying will introduce the inter symbol-vector interference. To address this problem, we first propose a novel QR-SIC receiver structure by performing the dual-filtering (DuF) and channel stacking before SIC. Then, the source and relay precoders are optimized for the proposed DuF-based QR-SIC receiver. Compared with the source precoder, optimizing the relay precoder is much more involved due to the complicated objective function. Hence, we transform the original optimization problem into a trace-minimization one, enabling a closed-form solution for the relay precoder. Furthermore, we theoretically show that the proposed design framework can be extended to the system with the DuF-based minimum mean-squared-error SIC receiver. Simulations show that our transceivers are indeed able to significantly improve the overall SVER performance.
Phase change materials (PCM) can store heat during the phase change process. Because foam metal is light-weight, has a large specific surface area and conducts heat well, we chose it as a test ...material. The phase change material paraffin was embedded in copper foam metal to form composite phase change materials. We constructed a platform to test the thermophysical properties of pure paraffin and the composite materials, and the paraffin and composite phase change materials were processed using numerical simulations to analyze their phase change process. For these simulations, the Fluent software with Solidification/Melting and Porous Zone model was used. The results showed that copper foam can effectively improve the internal heat transfer uniformity of paraffin, reduce the heat storage time of paraffin wax by 40%, and improve the relationship between the total phase transition time and the heating boundary temperature in the copper/paraffin composite phase change materials.
•An experimental platform has been built to verify the validity of the thermophysical properties of pure paraffin and the composite materials.•The phase change process of paraffin and composite phase change materials were analyzed by numerical simulations.•The heat transfer enhancement advantage of the copper foam in the phase change materials was demonstrated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Recently, the discovery and development of lead-free perovskite quantum dots (QDs) that are eco-friendly and stable has become an active research area in low-cost lighting and display fields. ...However, the low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) caused by the residual surface states of such QDs severely hinders their practical applications and commercialization. In this work, a strategy of employing water-induced nanocomposites was proposed to improve the PLQY of cesium bismuth halide (Cs
3
Bi
2
X
9
) QDs, and a substantial enhancement by ∼130% (from 20.2% to 46.4%) was achieved by an optimized water treatment of Cs
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Bi
2
Br
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QDs. A detailed analysis indicated that Cs
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Bi
2
Br
9
/BiOBr nanocomposites, in which the Cs
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Bi
2
Br
9
QD core was encapsulated into a BiOBr matrix, can effectively suppress the surface defects of QDs, resulting in a longer PL lifetime and a larger exciton binding energy compared with the pristine sample. Finally, the Cs
3
Bi
2
Br
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/BiOBr nanocomposites were used as the color-converting phosphors for down-conversion white light-emitting devices, which show a good operation stability in ambient air, significantly better than the reference device constructed with conventional lead-halide perovskites. We believe that the method used here provides an effective strategy to improve the fluorescence efficiency of lead-free perovskite QDs, which will create opportunities for their applications in lighting and displays.
We proposed a strategy of employing water-induced Cs
3
Bi
2
Br
9
/BiOBr nanocomposites to achieve a substantial enhancement in photoluminescence quantum yield by ∼130%.
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