•Overview of nanomaterial immobilized enzyme.•Binding force for enzyme immobilization.•Performance of nanomaterial immobilized enzyme.•Application of immobilized enzyme.•Outlook of nanomaterial in ...enzyme immobilization.
Enzymes have been widely used because of their catalytic properties, and immobilization is a promising technique to improve their catalytic activity and stability. Due to their large specific surface areas, exceptional chemical, mechanical, thermal and cost effective characteristics, nanomaterials should be ideal carriers for the immobilization of enzymes. Enzymes immobilized on nano-carriers are more robust and stable, and can be recycled and reused. This review focuses on the nanomaterial immobilized enzymes and their applications. The introduction addresses the advantages of immobilized enzymes and the features of enzyme immobilization nanocarriers. The next section covers carbonaceous nanomaterials used in enzymes immobilization, with subsections on carbon nanotube, graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. The third section treats metallic nanomaterials for enzymes immobilization, with subsections on metal (gold), metal oxide (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) and metal hydroxide (layered double hydroxide) nanomaterials. Then, the next section summarizes the applications of nanomaterial immobilized enzymes. A concluding section discusses the challenges and prospects of nanomaterial immobilized enzymes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive impairment and abnormal mental behaviour. There is currently no effective cure. The development of early diagnostic markers and ...the mining of potential therapeutic targets are one of the important strategies. This study aimed to explore potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets related to AD in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, two brain regions highly related to AD. Differentially expressed genes and miRNAs between AD patients and healthy controls were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The mRNA‐miRNA network was constructed and key genes involved in AD were screened out by protein–protein interaction analysis, and were subsequently verified by independent datasets and qPCR in an AD mouse model. Our findings showed that six hub genes including CALN1, TRPM7, ATR, SOCS3, MOB3A and OGDH were believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Western blot analysis further determined that CALN1, ATR and OGDH were the possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD. In addition, 6 possible miRNAs biomarkers have also been verified by qPCR on AD animal models. Our findings may benefit clinical diagnosis and early prevention of AD.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is popularly used in biological and chemical sensors since it can be inhibited or reactivated. As the inhibitor of AChE is meaningful for many neurodegenerative diseases ...caused by the lack of AChE substrate acetylcholine (ACh), and the reactivator of inhibited AChE is helpful to treat the blocked neurotransmission resulted from the excessive ACh. Therefore, it is significant to screen AChE inhibitors and reactivators for pharmaceutical application. In addition, the detection of pesticides and heavy metals is of great importance to food safety and environment. So, based on the inhibition of AChE by pesticides and heavy metals, AChE can also be used in food safety and environmental analysis. Colorimetric method is a popular strategy for AChE assay due to its low cost, practicality and simplicity. In this review, we focus on the colorimetric method for AChE assay and the corresponding applications. The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of Ellman's method, pH indicator-, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine- (TMB-), noble metal nanomaterial-, and substrate-based colorimetric method are evaluated. In addition, the applications of colorimetric AChE assays in inhibitors and reactivators screening, pesticides and heavy metals detection are reviewed. Finally, the conclusions and future perspectives are provided.
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•Different chromogenic reagent-based colorimetric method for AChE are reviewed.•The mechanism, advantage and disadvantage of colorimetric AChE assay are discussed.•The applications of colorimetric AChE assays in analysis are reviewed.•A perspective for the colorimetric AChE assay is proposed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Compared with free enzymes, immobilized enzymes are more robust and resistant to environmental changes. In addition, with enhanced stability, immobilized enzymes can be separated from the reaction ...mixture and used for repeated cycles. These advantages prompt their applications in various fields. This review outlines the existing methods and easy separated support materials for enzymes immobilization. After a brief introduction on the immobilized enzyme, the immobilization methods of adsorption, entrapment, covalent attachment and cross-linking are discussed. The emphasis is given on the easy separated support materials of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), membranes and capillary columns. An outlook on the immobilized enzyme is given at last.
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•Detailed methods for enzymes immobilization are discussed.•MNPs, membranes and capillary columns are presented to solve the separation problems of immobilized enzymes.•Applications of easy separated support matrices in enzymes immobilization are summarized.•Future perspectives of immobilized enzymes are presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•The preparation and functionalization of AuNPs are introduced.•Colorimetric sensing mechanisms of AuNPs-based probes are reviewed.•The applications and challenges of AuNPs-based probes in food ...safety are discussed.•A perspective for the AuNPs-based colorimetric probes is proposed.
The rapid, sensitive and reliable food safety control is urgently needed due to the harmful effects of the food contaminants on human health. Colorimetric approach has exhibited promising potential for the detection of food contaminants due to their easy preparation, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and naked-eye sensing. In recent years, AuNPs-based colorimetric probes have been extensively explored for food analysis. The present article reviews the development of AuNPs-based colorimetric probes for colorimetric sensing and their applications in food analysis. It generally summarizes the properties of AuNPs and introduces the preparation and functionalization methods of AuNPs. An overview of the colorimetric sensing mechanisms of AuNPs-based probes and their applications in analysis of food contaminants are also provided. Although AuNPs-based colorimetric probes show many advantages in detection of food contaminants, challenges remain in terms of complexity of food matrices, multiple analytes detection in a single go, and testing conditions interference.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of depression in cancer patient caregivers and to identify factors affecting depression and quality of life of cancer caregivers.
Relevant ...research articles were retrieved after literature search in several electronic databases. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain pooled estimates of the prevalence rates of depression and anxiety; their respective scores, and quality of life scores. Significant relationships between depression and factors related to depression and quality of life reported in individual studies were identified.
Thirty studies were included. Overall, 21,149 caregivers were appraised in these studies (age 52.65 years 95% CI: 49.65, 55.65; 31.14% 28.40, 33.89 men). The prevalence of depression and anxiety were 42.30% 33.31, 51.29 % and 46.55% 35.59, 57.52, respectively. Quality of life score, as measured with Caregiver Quality of Life-Cancer scale was 64.55 47.44, 81.66. Patient's condition, caregiving burden, duration of caregiving, spouse caregiver, caregiver being unemployed, caregiver with chronic disease, caregiver's sleep quality, caregiver's avoidance, financial problems, and female sex were positively associated with depression whereas overall quality of life of caregiver, pre-loss grief, caregiver's education level, caregiver's age, caregiver's sense of coherence, and caregiver's bondage with patient were negatively associated with depression in caregivers.
A considerably high prevalence of depression is found in cancer patient caregivers. Several factors may affect depression and their quality of life of cancer patient caregivers.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is now a worldwide health problem with increasing prevalence. Mounting efforts have been made to treat, prevent and predict this chronic disease. In recent years, increasing ...evidence from mice and clinical studies suggests that bone‐derived molecules modulate glucose metabolism. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the interplay between bone and glucose metabolism and to highlight potential new means of therapeutic intervention. The first molecule recognized as a link between bone and glucose metabolism is osteocalcin (OCN), which functions in its active form, that is, undercarboxylated OCN (ucOC). ucOC acts in promoting insulin expression and secretion, facilitating insulin sensitivity, and favouring glucose and fatty acid uptake and utilization. A second bone‐derived molecule, lipocalin2, functions in suppressing appetite in mice through its action on the hypothalamus. Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone matrix, are suggested to act on the browning of white adipose tissue and energy expenditure through secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 7 and sclerostin. The involvement of bone resorption in glucose homeostasis has also been examined. However, there is evidence indicating the implication of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ‐B ligand, neuropeptide Y, and other known and unidentified bone‐derived factors that function in glucose homeostasis. We summarize recent advances and the rationale for treating, preventing and predicting diabetes by skeleton intervention.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We present the new upper limit of the magnetic monopole (MM) flux and discuss three MM models of the heating resource for supermassive white dwarfs (WDs) by considering the effect of temperature on ...thermonuclear reaction and mass radius relation of WDs based on the catalytic nuclear decay by MM. We discuss the luminosity and compared it with the observations to apply to 25 supermassive WDs. We find the maxnium of the number of MM captured can be
9.6943
×
10
11
, and
9.0671
×
10
11
for O+Ne core high mass WDs (e.g., WD J055631.17+130639.78), and C+O core high mass WDs (e.g., WD J055631.17+130639.78), respectively. The luminosities increase with the increasing of the temperature and are agreed well with the observations for model (III). The differences are no more than one, and three orders of magnitude higher than observations for model (III), and (I, II), respectively. Finaly, we find that the maxnium of the upper limits of the MM flux
ϕ
m
due to RC effect can be
9.1071
×
10
-
15
, and
2.7670
×
10
-
14
for O+Ne and C+O core high mass WDs, respectively. Our results are about one and two orders of magnitude higher than those of Abbasi et al. (EPJC 69:361, 2010) (Albert et al. in JHEP 07:054, 2017) for O+Ne, and C+O core mass WDs, respectively, and can be about three and four orders of magnitude higher than those of Aartsen et al. (EPJC 76:133, 2016) (Ic40, Ic86), respectively. Our results show that the monopole-catalyzed nucleon decay could prevent WDs from cooling down into a stellar graveyard by keeping them hot.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•CS/kaolin/Fe3O4 was synthesized by a facile one-pot coprecipitation method.•High uptake capacity for MO (349.7 mg/g) was achieved using CS/kaolin/Fe3O4.•CS/kaolin/Fe3O4 was ...regenerated and showed excellent reusability.•Modification with CS broadened the application scope of kaolin.•This composite can be used as ideal adsorbent for anionic dyes removal.
Chitosan modified magnetic kaolin (CS/kaolin/Fe3O4) composite was prepared by a facile one-pot coprecipitation method and used for the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous medium. Under alkaline condition, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were deposited on the kaolin layer by in-situ growth method and chitosan was deposited on the kaolin layer by pH-precipitation method. With the modification of CS, adsorption sites for anionic species were introduced onto the adsorbent. The prepared CS/kaolin/Fe3O4 could remove more than 94 % of MO and showed a high saturated adsorption capacity of 349.7 mg/g. The adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion and well described by Langmuir model. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic in nature. Furthermore, the adsorbent exhibited satisfactory recycle ability. The results suggested that the modification with CS broadened the application scope of kaolin in anionic species removal and the CS/kaolin/Fe3O4 composite could be a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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