In the present study, the formation mechanisms of glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) were investigated both in real edible oils (soybean oil, camellia oil, and palm oil) during laboratory-scale ...preparation and refining and in chemical model (1,2-dipalmitin (DPG) and 1-monopalmitin (MPG)) during high temperature exposure (160–260 °C under nitrogen). The formation process of GEs in the chemical model was monitored using attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the roasting and pressing process could produce certain amounts of GEs that were much lower than that produced in the deodorization process. GE contents in edible oils increased continuously and significantly with increasing deodorization time below 200 °C. However, when the temperature exceeded 200 °C, GE contents sharply increased in 1–2 h followed by a gradual decrease, which could verify a simultaneous formation and degradation of GEs at high temperature. In addition, it was also found that the presence of acylglycerol (DAGs and MAGs) could significantly increase the formation yield of GEs both in real edible oils and in chemical model. Compared with DAGs, moreover, MAGs displayed a higher formation capacity but substantially lower contribution to GE formation due to their low contents in edible oils. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopic evidence showed that cyclic acyloxonium ion intermediate was formed during GE formation derived from DPG and MPG in chemical model heated at 200 °C.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Bud dormancy in perennial plants is indispensable to survival over winter and to regrowth and development in the following year. However, the molecular pathways of endo-dormancy induction, ...maintenance, and release are still unclear, especially in fruit crops. To identify genes with roles in regulating endo-dormancy, 30 MIKCC-type MADS-box genes were identified in the pear genome and characterized. The 30 genes were analysed to determine their phylogenetic relationships with homologous genes, genome locations, gene structure, tissue-specific transcript profiles, and transcriptional patterns during flower bud dormancy in ‘Suli’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group). The roles in regulating bud dormancy varied among the MIKC gene family members. Yeast one-hybrid and transient assays showed that PpCBF enhanced PpDAM1 and PpDAM3 transcriptional activity during the induction of dormancy, probably by binding to the C-repeat/DRE binding site, while DAM proteins inhibited the transcriptional activity of PpFT2 during dormancy release. In the small RNA-seq analysis, 185 conserved, 24 less-conserved, and 32 pear-specific miRNAs with distinct expression patterns during bud dormancy were identified. Joint analyses of miRNAs and MIKC genes together with degradome data showed that miR6390 targeted PpDAM transcripts and degraded them to release PpFT2. Our data show that cross-talk among PpCBF, PpDAM, PpFT2, and miR6390 played important roles in regulating endo-dormancy. A model for the molecular mechanism of dormancy transition is proposed: short-term chilling in autumn activates the accumulation of CBF, which directly promotes DAM expression; DAM subsequently inhibits FT expression to induce endo-dormancy, and miR6390 degrades DAM genes to release endo-dormancy.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bud dormancy is a critical developmental process that allows perennial plants to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Pear is one of the most important deciduous fruit trees in the world, ...but the mechanisms regulating bud dormancy in this species are unknown. Because genomic information for pear is currently unavailable, transcriptome and digital gene expression data for this species would be valuable resources to better understand the molecular and biological mechanisms regulating its bud dormancy.
We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and digital gene expression (DGE) profiling analyses of 'Suli' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group) using the Illumina RNA-seq system. RNA-Seq generated approximately 100 M high-quality reads that were assembled into 69,393 unigenes (mean length = 853 bp), including 14,531 clusters and 34,194 singletons. A total of 51,448 (74.1%) unigenes were annotated using public protein databases with a cut-off E-value above 10-5. We mainly compared gene expression levels at four time-points during bud dormancy. Between Nov. 15 and Dec. 15, Dec. 15 and Jan. 15, and Jan. 15 and Feb. 15, 1,978, 1,024, and 3,468 genes were differentially expressed, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analysis arranged 190 significantly differentially-expressed genes into seven groups. Seven genes were randomly selected to confirm their expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR.
The new transcriptomes offer comprehensive sequence and DGE profiling data for a dynamic view of transcriptomic variation during bud dormancy in pear. These data provided a basis for future studies of metabolism during bud dormancy in non-model but economically-important perennial species.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
...13,476 subjects were recruited and the related data, including information on residents suffering from hypertension and data on four types of air pollutants (SO2, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10), were ...collected, collated, and analyzed. SPSS software (Version 25.0, IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for general descriptive analysis, chi-squared test, and a multiple linear regression model to explore the impact of air pollutants on blood pressure. According to previous studies, age, sex, nation, marital status, employment status, education level, body mass index (BMI) and location were controlled in the basic model. Seasonal factors variables were further added to the final model to illustrate the potential seasonal changes in blood pressure.
•MDA formation during frying different food matrix in vegetable oil was explored.•MDA could be easily absorbed into fried foods but the contents varied.•MDA was mainly located in the inner part of FF ...whereas the surface in FCBM.•Model system revealed MDA was preferred to be absorbed in FCBM than FF.•Existence of distinct MDA migration mechanism in different food matrix was proposed.
Vegetable oils are increasingly replacing animal fats in diets, but malondialdehyde (MDA), a peroxidation product of these oils, has been regarded as toxic; this necessitated investigation of MDA formation during consumption. This study investigated MDA formation in four vegetable oils during frying French fries (FF) and fried chicken breast meat (FCBM) at 180 °C for 7 h. Results showed that MDA contents were lower in oils used for frying foods than in control oils, mainly because MDA was incorporated into the foods. MDA content was lower in FF, but higher in FCBM, due to the different food components. Model oil and food system analyses yielded similar results. MDA bound the hydrophobic helical structure in starch-based FF, but was exhibited greater reactivity with nucleophilic groups in protein-based FCBM, resulting in stronger interaction with FCBM than with FF. Our results indicated the existence of distinct mechanisms underlying MDA migration in different food matrixes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Although fruitful achievements have been explored about job burnout, little is known about burnout in the field of social interaction among college students. To address this limitation, this study ...defined the concept of Social Burnout and developed a measurement tool for it. The study adopted the method of combining qualitative research with quantitative research. After the qualitative study, we gathered examples of social burnout and finished item writing. Using convenient sampling and theoretical sampling methods, six different samples were recruited for reliability and validity testing. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed the scale's two-factor structure: emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Cronbach's alpha measured the internal consistency of the social burnout scale (SBS), which was excellent (Cronbach's alpha of emotional exhaustion = 0.94; depersonalization = 0.82; the overall = 0.92). Susequently, the method of calculating AVE and CR evaluated the scale's convergent and discriminant validity, which were relatively good (AVE of emotional exhaustion = 0.60, depersonalization = 0.59; CR of emotional exhaustion = 0.93, depersonalization = 0.81). Then, regression analysis verified the nomological network and criterion-related validity (
= -0.30,
< 0.01; r = -0.39,
< 0.01;
= -0.25,
< 0.01). The SBS was shown to be a reliable and appropriate measure for assessing students' social burnout. Furthermore, the SBS is recommended for use in academic research and by healthcare professionals to measure students' social distress. Further validation studies of this scale are needed in other cultural contexts.
Summary
In this study, the chemical composition and emulsifying properties of camellia lecithin recovered from crude camellia oil by both acid and enzymatic degumming were investigated. Camellia ...lecithin recovered from acid degumming (CLAD) mainly comprised phospholipids (PS, PI, PE and PA), whereas camellia lecithin recovered from enzymatic degumming (CLED) contained more lysophospholipids (LPI, LPE, LPA). The saturated fatty acids made up a large portion of total fatty acids in CLED compared to CLAD. CLED‐stabilised emulsions tended to be more stable than CLAD‐stabilised emulsions. Meanwhile, emulsions stabilised by CLED exhibited smaller particle size in agreement with their microstructures. Moreover, both CLED and CLAD‐stabilised emulsions were sensitive to pH and ionic strength changes and provided smaller particle size and higher stability at pH = 7 and 1 mm NaCl concentration. These findings provide valuable information for potential applications of camellia lecithin with characteristic phospholipid composition as alternative o/w emulsifiers in food industry.
Investigation of chemical composition and emulsifying properties of Camellia oleifera lecithin recovered from acid and enzymatic oil‐degumming in order to provide information on characteristics of camellia lecithin to exploit its recovery and utilization in food industry.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to various environmental stimuli. We demonstrate that MKK9, an MKK, is an ...upstream activator of the MPKs MPK3 and MPK6 both in vitro and in planta. Expression of active MKK9 protein in transgenic plants induces the synthesis of ethylene and camalexin through the activation of the endogenous MPK3 and MPK6 kinases. As a consequence, transcription of multiple genes responsible for ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene responses, and camalexin biosynthesis is coordinately up-regulated. The activation of MKK9 inhibits hypocotyl elongation in the etiolated seedlings. MKK9-mediated effects on hypocotyl elongation were blocked by the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, and ethylene receptor antagonist, Ag+. Expression of active MKK9 protein enhances the sensitivity of transgenic seedlings to salt stress, whereas loss of MKK9 activity reduces salt sensitivity indicating a role for MKK9 in the salt stress response. The results reported here reveal that the MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 cascade participates in the regulation of the biosynthesis of ethylene and camalexin and may be an important axis in the stress responses of Arabidopsis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A kinetic model for glycidyl ester (GE) formation in both palm oil and chemical models during high-temperature heating was built to investigate the formation and degradation mechanisms of GEs in ...refined palm oil. The results showed that the formation and degradation of GEs followed pseudo-first-order reactions, and the rate constants of reaction kinetics followed the Arrhenius equation. The estimated activation energy of the GE degradation reaction (12.87 kJ/mol) was significantly lower than that of the GE formation reaction (34.58 kJ/mol), suggesting that GE degradation occurred more readily than formation. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) band intensities of epoxy and ester carboxyl groups decreased over heating time, while no band assigned to the cyclic acyloxonium group was found. Furthermore, no 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)-cyclic acyloxonium radical adduct was detected by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS). The above findings indicated that GEs were decomposed, fatty acid was also liberated, and GE degradation did not involve a cyclic acyloxonium intermediate. GEs were primarily decomposed into monoacylglycerol via ring-opening reaction during heating followed by fatty acid and glycerol via hydrolysis reaction.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite the fact that unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) has become a theoretical topic in the academic field and the fruitful achievements have been explored in the past decade, ...organizational researches have largely assumed that UPB is an active and voluntary behavior from the perspective of organizational identity and social exchange. In this paper, the authors argue that previous researches have traditionally considered only a very narrow subset of UPB, focusing almost exclusively on extreme voluntary cases which are not reflective of typical UPB. Instead of being primarily voluntary, some typical UPB can be compulsory in nature. We suggest a different look at UPB by contrasting to the so-called “voluntary” activities via compulsory mechanisms in the workplace. Mostly, we are interested in exploring and validating a measurement tool for this behavior. Based on self-determination theory, we argue that such behaviors are a substantial deviation from the original meaning of UPB and thus should be recognized and studied separately. Using six samples, the authors demonstrate the construct validity, reliability, and acceptable psychometric properties of the compulsory UPB scales. Future directions in UPB research are discussed.
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