Summary
High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is a powerful tool to assess bone health. To determine how an individual’s or population of interest’s HR-pQCT outcomes ...compare to expected, reference data are required. This study provides reference data for HR-pQCT measures acquired in a population of White adults.
Purpose
To provide age- and sex-specific reference data for high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) measures of the distal and diaphyseal radius and tibia acquired using a second-generation scanner and percent-of-length offsets proximal from the end of the bone.
Methods
Data were acquired in White adults (aged 18–80 years) living in the Midwest region of the USA. HR-pQCT scans were performed at the 4% distal radius, 30% diaphyseal radius, 7.3% distal tibia, and 30% diaphyseal tibia. Centile curves were fit to the data using the LMS approach.
Results
Scans of 867 females and 317 males were included. The fitted centile curves reveal HR-pQCT differences between ages, sexes, and sites. They also indicate differences when compared to data obtained by others using fixed length offsets. Excel-based calculators based on the current data were developed and are provided to enable computation of subject-specific percentiles, z-scores, and t-scores and to plot an individual’s outcomes on the fitted curves. In addition, regression equations are provided to convert estimated failure load acquired with the conventional criteria utilized with first-generation scanners and those specifically developed for second-generation scanners.
Conclusion
The current study provides unique data and resources. The combination of the reference data and calculators provide clinicians and investigators an ability to assess HR-pQCT outcomes in an individual or population of interest, when using the described scanning and analysis procedure. Ultimately, the expectation is these data will be expanded over time so the wealth of information HR-pQCT provides becomes increasingly interpretable and utilized.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study presents a methodology that is able to further discriminate the efficient decision-making units (DMUs) in a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) context. The methodology is an ...extension of the single-stage network-based ranking method, which utilizes the eigenvector centrality concept in social network analysis to determine the rank of efficient DMUs. The mathematical formulation for the method to work under the two-stage DEA context is laid out and then applied to a real-world problem. In addition to its basic ranking function, the exercise highlights two particular features of the method that are not available in standard DEA: suggesting a benchmark unit for each input/intermediate/output factor, and identifying the strengths of each efficient unit. With the methodology, the value of DEA greatly increases.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A suite of physical parameterizations (deep and shallow convection, turbulent boundary layer, aerosols, cloud microphysics, and cloud fraction) from the global climate model Community Atmosphere ...Model version 5.1 (CAM5) has been implemented in the regional model Weather Research and Forecasting with chemistry (WRF-Chem). A downscaling modeling framework with consistent physics has also been established in which both global and regional simulations use the same emissions and surface fluxes. The WRF-Chem model with the CAM5 physics suite is run at multiple horizontal resolutions over a domain encompassing the northern Pacific Ocean, northeast Asia, and northwest North America for April 2008 when the ARCTAS, ARCPAC, and ISDAC field campaigns took place. These simulations are evaluated against field campaign measurements, satellite retrievals, and ground-based observations, and are compared with simulations that use a set of common WRF-Chem parameterizations. This manuscript describes the implementation of the CAM5 physics suite in WRF-Chem, provides an overview of the modeling framework and an initial evaluation of the simulated meteorology, clouds, and aerosols, and quantifies the resolution dependence of the cloud and aerosol parameterizations. We demonstrate that some of the CAM5 biases, such as high estimates of cloud susceptibility to aerosols and the underestimation of aerosol concentrations in the Arctic, can be reduced simply by increasing horizontal resolution. We also show that the CAM5 physics suite performs similarly to a set of parameterizations commonly used in WRF-Chem, but produces higher ice and liquid water condensate amounts and near-surface black carbon concentration. Further evaluations that use other mesoscale model parameterizations and perform other case studies are needed to infer whether one parameterization consistently produces results more consistent with observations.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The liquid metal film plasma facing component (PFC) is considered to be one of the most promising ways to realize a PFC capbable of operating for long periods. However, in the presence of a magnetic ...field, magnetohydrodynamic effects appearing in the liquid metal film flow directly influence the reliability of the flowing liquid metal limiter or divertor. In the present study, we consider the influence of flow rate, transverse magnetic field, and inclination angle, and conduct experiments on a liquid metal film flowing along an inclined conducting stainless steel plate. A laser profilometer (LP) and a high-speed camera are respectively adopted to obtain the local film thickness quantitatively, and its free surface structures qualitatively. We observe the magnetohydrodynamic effects of liquid metal film flow, such as the nonmonotonic change of film thickness, the reduction of film flow velocity, and the weakening of free surface waves in the direction of magnetic lines. Moreover, the film thickness increases with an increasing flow rate, whereas it decreases with an increasing inclination angle at a constant value of the magnetic field. When plotting the relative film thickening δen, and the reduction of flow velocity against the Stuart number N, we find that there is a critical N, Ncr ≈ 0.1, at which δen begins to increase dramatically. The δensinβ with 1∘≤β≤5∘, based on all of the experimental data, collapses into one line, which can be scaled as δensinβ ∼ N. The present experimental data and its scaling law may prove useful for estimating magnetohydrodynamic effects on liquid metal film flows when considering the design of liquid metal film PFCs.
We observed two types of reversible resistance switching (RS) effects in a NiO film: memory RS at low temperature and threshold RS at high temperature. We were able to control the type of RS effects ...by thermal cycling. These phenomena were explained using a new dynamic percolation model that can describe the rupture and formation of conducting filaments. We showed that the RS effects are governed by the thermal stability of the filaments, which arise from competition between Joule heating and thermal dissipation. This work provides us understandings on basic mechanism of the RS effects and their interrelation.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
The prognosis and survival rate of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have remained unchanged for years, and the pathogenesis of HNSCC is still not fully understood, necessitating further ...research. An ideal animal model that accurately replicates the complex microenvironment of HNSCC is urgently needed. Among all the animal models for preclinical cancer research, tumor-bearing mouse models are the best known and widely used due to their high similarity to humans. Currently, mouse models for HNSCC can be broadly categorized into chemical-induced models, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), and transplanted mouse models, each with its distinct advantages and limitations. In chemical-induced models, the carcinogen spontaneously initiates tumor formation through a multistep process. The resemblance of this model to human carcinogenesis renders it an ideal preclinical platform for studying HNSCC initiation and progression from precancerous lesions. The major drawback is that these models are time-consuming and, like human cancer, unpredictable in terms of timing, location, and number of lesions. GEMMs involve transgenic and knockout mice with gene modifications, leading to malignant transformation within a tumor microenvironment that recapitulates tumorigenesis in vivo, including their interaction with the immune system. However, most HNSCC GEMMs exhibit low tumor incidence and limited prognostic significance when translated to clinical studies. Transplanted mouse models are the most widely used in cancer research due to their consistency, availability, and efficiency. Based on the donor and recipient species matching, transplanted mouse models can be divided into xenografts and syngeneic models. In the latter, transplanted cells and host are from the same strain, making syngeneic models relevant to study functional immune system. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the characteristics, establishment methods, and potential applications of these different HNSCC mouse models, aiming to assist researchers in choosing suitable animal models for their research.
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CMK, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ir(III) metal complexes with formula (nazo)2Ir(Fppz) (1), (nazo)2Ir(Bppz) (2), and (nazo)2Ir(Fptz) (3) (nazo)H = 4‐phenyl quinazoline, (Fppz)H = 3‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl) pyrazole, (Bppz)H = ...3‐t‐butyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl) pyrazole, and (Fptz)H = 3‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl) triazole were synthesized, among which the exact configuration of 1 was confirmed using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. These complexes exhibited bright red phosphorescence with relatively short lifetimes of 0.4–1.05 μs in both solution and the solid‐state at room temperature. Non‐doped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated using complexes 1 and 2 in the absence of a host matrix. Saturated red electroluminescence was observed at λmax = 626 nm (host‐emitter complex 1) and 652 nm (host‐emitter complex 2), which corresponds to coordinates (0.66,0.34) and (0.69,0.31), respectively, on the 1931 Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram. The non‐doped devices employing complex 1 showed electroluminance as high as 5780 cd m–2, an external quantum efficiency of 5.5 % at 8 V, and a current density of 20 mA cm–2. The short phosphorescence lifetime of 1 in the solid state, coupled with its modest π–π stacking interactions, appear to be the determining factors for its unusual success as a non‐doped host‐emitter.
An unusual, non‐doped organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) using (nazo)2Ir(Fppz) (see Figure) as the red host‐emitter, showed intense electroluminance of 5780 cd m–2 and external quantum efficiency of 5.5 % at a current density of 100 mA cm–2. The short phosphorescence radiative lifetime of (nazo)2Ir(Fppz) in the solid state appears to play a key role in this impressive performance.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
High‐energy X‐ray scattering and pair distribution function analysis (HEXS/PDF) is a powerful method to reveal the structure of materials lacking long‐range order, but is underutilized for molecular ...complexes in solution. We demonstrate the application of HEXS/PDF with 0.26 Å resolution to uncover the solution structure of five bimetallic CuI/RuII/OsII complexes. HEXS/PDF of each complex in acetonitrile solution confirms the pairwise distances in the local coordination sphere of each metal center as well as the metal⋅⋅⋅metal distances separated by over 12 Å. The metal⋅⋅⋅metal distance detected in solution is compared with that from the crystal structure and molecular models to confirm that distortions to the metal bridging ligand are unique to the solid state. This work presents the first example of observing sub‐Ångström conformational differences by direct comparison of solution phase and solid‐state structures and shows the potential for HEXS/PDF in the determination of solution structure of single molecules.
The solution phase structure of five bimetallic CuI/RuII/OsII complexes was revealed by high‐energy X‐ray scattering and pair distribution function analysis (HEXS/PDF). Assisted by computational simulation, conformational differences of the complexes in the solution and solid states were identified with sub‐Ångström resolution.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The Born cross sections and effective form factors for process e+e− → Ξ−Ξ+ are measured at eight center-of-mass energies between 2.644 and 3.080 GeV, using a total integrated luminosity of 363.9 ...pb−1e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. After performing a fit to the Born cross section of e+e− → Ξ−Ξ+, no significant threshold effect is observed.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
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