The influence of variable water injection by mass on the performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine under light load conditions has been investigated and the ...results are presented in this paper. The study involved the injection of water into the cylinder at an angle of 640 °CA over an injection duration of 10 °CA. Gasoline was directly injected into the cylinder with a fixed injection timing duration starting from 660 °CA to 680 °CA and determined the flow rate of fuel. The results indicated that a 15% water injection by mass used together with fuel gave the best engine performance due to the increase in the indicated mean effective pressure and efficiency resulting from the cooling of certain parts of engine. Water injection also demonstrated a decrease in the NOx emissions (ppm), as well as soot emissions.
•Effect of water injection on engine performance investigated.•Engine power output enhanced via the reduction of compression work.•Water injection achieved reduced engine emissions.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A new nanoarchitecture photoelectrode design comprising CdS quantum‐dot‐sensitized, optically and electrically active TiO2 inverse opals is developed for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The ...photoelectrochemical performance shows high photocurrent density (4.84 mA cm−2 at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) under simulated solar‐light illumination.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ginsenoside Rh
(Rh
), an important ingredient from Panax ginseng, has received much attention due to a range of pharmacological actions.
The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic ...potential Rh
on cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity and to elucidate involved mechanisms.
An in vivo mice model of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of CDDP (20 mg/kg) to assess the effects of Rh
on renal biochemical parameter, oxidative stress, inflammation tubular cell apoptosis and serum metabolic profiles.
Rh
protected against CDDP-induced renal dysfunction and ameliorated CDDP-induced oxidative stress, histopathological damage, inflammation and tubular cell apoptosis in kidney. Rh
treatment had significantly increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of p53, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in kidney tissues. Metabolomic analysis identified 29 altered serum metabolites in Rh
treatment mice.
These results suggest that Rh
protects against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity via action on caspase-mediated pathway.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Aiming at further systematically comparing the similarities and differences of the chemical components in ginseng of different ages, especially comparing the younger or the older and ...mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG), 4, 5, 6-year-old cultivated ginseng (CG) and 12, 20-year-old MCG were chosen as the analytical samples in the present study. The combination of UPLC-QTOF-MS
, UNIFI platform and multivariate statistical analysis were developed to profile CGs and MCGs. By the screening analysis based on UNIFI, 126 chemical components with various structural types were characterized or tentatively identified from all the CG and MCG samples for the first time. The results showed that all the CG and MCG samples had the similar chemical composition, but there were significant differences in the contents of markers. By the metabolomic analysis based on multivariate statistical analysis, it was shown that CG
, MCG
and MCG
samples were obviously divided into three different groups, and a total of 17 potential age-dependent markers enabling differentiation among the three groups of samples were discovered. For differentiation from other two kinds of samples, there were four robust makers such as α-linolenic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid and panaxydol for CG
, five robust makers including ginsenoside Re₁, -Re₂, -Rs₁, malonylginsenoside Rb₂ and isomer of malonylginsenoside Rb₁ for MCG
, and two robust makers, 24-hydroxyoleanolic acid and palmitoleic acid, for MCG
were discovered, respectively. The proposed approach could be applied to directly distinguish MCG root ages, which is an important criterion for evaluating the quality of MCG. The results will provide the data for the further study on the chemical constituents of MCG.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A highlight on reshaping aqueous electrolyte solvation structure for high‐energy batteries is provided. Firstly, the recent key design routes for regulating solvation structure to widen ...electrochemical stability window (ESW) of aqueous electrolyte are briefly summarized. Then, the groundbreaking work of Wang et al. on reshaping electrolyte structure using urea as the diluent is elaborated. Finally, the significance of Wang's work is highlighted.
A highlight on reshaping aqueous electrolyte solvation structure for high‐energy batteries is provided. Firstly, the recent key design routes for regulating solvation structure to widen electrochemical stability window (ESW) of aqueous electrolyte are briefly summarized. Then, the groundbreaking work of Wang et al. on reshaping electrolyte structure using urea as the diluent is elaborated. Finally, the significance of Wang's work is highlighted.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Insight into the evolution of Philippine Sea‐South China Sea (SCS) plate motions helps reveal the driving mechanisms of the long‐term tectonic complexity in Southeast Asia. Here, based on the ...integration of the most recent geological and seismic data, we present a new plate reconstruction model for this region characterized by back‐arc extension and subduction since the Eocene. We suggest that the western boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate was a constant sinistral strike‐slip fault at 55–22 Ma with a clockwise self‐rotation. The connection between the SCS and Shikoku Ridges possibly initiates at 30 Ma, when their spreading times overlapped indicating an affinitive origin and magma source. Regional‐scale geodynamic simulations interfaced with our reconstructed plate motion indicate that the seismic high‐velocity body under the SCS is likely to be the leading edge of the Pacific Slab.
Plain Language Summary
Since 55 million years ago, East Asia has been going through a complex plate recombination. Several quantitative plate motion models have been published, but there remain several irrationalities, for example, a footwall plate was moving away from the trench. We established a new model for the Philippine Sea‐South China Sea (SCS) region as an improvement. Our model provides a smooth movement of the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) from the equatorial zone to its present position, with a clockwise rotation. Based on it, we deduce: (a) the western boundary of the PSP was a sinistral strike‐slip fault; (b) the spreading ridges in SCS and Shikoku Basin were connected at 30 Ma; (c) the stagnant slab under the SCS is a part of the subducting Pacific Slab.
Key Points
A new plate reconstruction model of Philippine Sea‐South China Sea (SCS) region since 55 Ma by integrating the latest geological geophysical data
The western boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate was a constant sinistral strike‐slip fault at 55–22 Ma
The geodynamic model indicates the seismic high‐velocity body under the SCS likely to be the leading edge of the Pacific Slab
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Display omitted
•A total of 32 novel fatty acid ester derivatives of pyxinol were synthesized.•Compounds 2e and 3b displayed excellent ACE inhibitory activity in vitro.•Compounds 2e and 3b exhibited ...good activity in zebrafish heart failure model.•The preliminary mechanism of compound 2e on heart failure was studied by using untargeted metabolomics
Heart failure (HF) is an important and leading cause of substantial morbidity and mortality globally. The angiotensin-converting enzymatic (ACE) is the causative source for congestive heart failure. Natural products and its derivatives play a vital role in drug discovery and development owing to their efficacy and low toxicity. Pyxinol is a potent natural agent for cardiovascular disease. Thus we investigated the effect on ACE and HF of pyxinol derivatives. We designed and synthesized 32 novel fatty acid ester derivatives of pyxinol via esterification. Among them, compounds 2e (IC50=105 nM) and 3b (IC50=114 nM) displayed excellent ACE inhibitory activity in vitro, and exhibited non-toxic to H9c2 cells. The interactions between ACE and compounds were predicted by molecular docking respectively. In verapamil-induced zebrafish HF model, the activity assay showed that these two derivatives could improve cardiovascular physiological indexes including heart beats, venous congestion, heart dilation, cardiac output, ejection fraction and fractional shortening in a dose-dependent manner. A UPLC-QTOF-MS-based serum metabolomics approach was applied to explore the latent mechanism. A total of 25 differentiated metabolites and 8 perturbed metabolic pathways were identified. These results indicated that pyxinol fatty acid ester derivatives 2e and 3b might be considered as potent drug candidates against heart failure and deserved further research and development.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Highlights
Moderate-concentration ZnCl
2
(15 m) was found to be effective for suppressing the dissolution of vanadate cathode, which was more stable and had 4 times higher ionic conductivity than ...30 m “water-in-salt” electrolyte.
K
0.486
V
2
O
5
with huge interlayer space of ~ 0.95 nm was chosen for the first time to assemble aqueous Zn ion batteries, giving rise to excellent rate performance and high energy and power densities.
A novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-15 m ZnCl
2
hydrogel electrolyte with high ionic conductivity of 10.08 mS cm
−1
was designed, enabling a bendable Zn ion battery with outstanding resistance to temperature and pressure.
Vanadium-based cathodes have attracted great interest in aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their large capacities, good rate performance and facile synthesis in large scale. However, their practical application is greatly hampered by vanadium dissolution issue in conventional dilute electrolytes. Herein, taking a new potassium vanadate K
0.486
V
2
O
5
(KVO) cathode with large interlayer spacing (~ 0.95 nm) and high capacity as an example, we propose that the cycle life of vanadates can be greatly upgraded in AZIBs by regulating the concentration of ZnCl
2
electrolyte, but with no need to approach “water-in-salt” threshold. With the optimized moderate concentration of 15 m ZnCl
2
electrolyte, the KVO exhibits the best cycling stability with ~ 95.02% capacity retention after 1400 cycles. We further design a novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-moderate concentration ZnCl
2
gel electrolyte with high ionic conductivity of 10.08 mS cm
−1
for the first time and assemble a quasi-solid-state AZIB. This device is bendable with remarkable energy density (268.2 Wh kg
−1
), excellent stability (97.35% after 2800 cycles), low self-discharge rate, and good environmental (temperature, pressure) suitability, and is capable of powering small electronics. The device also exhibits good electrochemical performance with high KVO mass loading (5 and 10 mg cm
−2
). Our work sheds light on the feasibility of using moderately concentrated electrolyte to address the stability issue of aqueous soluble electrode materials.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Display omitted
•A fully distributed frozen soil hydrothermal processes model was developed.•The hydrological impacts of surface soil freeze-thaw cycle were quantified.•Soil ice meltwater ...contributing to watershed reached about 35% in thawing period.
The freeze–thaw cycle over the surface seasonally frozen soil is an important soil hydrothermal dynamic process linking land surface processes and climatic changes in the cold regions. With the advancement of frozen soil hydrothermal dynamic studies and remote sensing technology, the simulation of frozen soil hydrological processes based on the distributed numerical model has become a hotspot to better understand the impact of frozen soil hydrothermal dynamics on the watershed hydrological processes in the cold regions over a large spatial scale. However, the quantitative analysis of the impact of seasonally frozen soil hydrothermal processes on watershed runoff at long-term time scales remained an unsolved issue in the field of frozen soil hydrology. Under the framework of the watershed distributed eco-hydrological model ESSI-3, a fully distributed frozen soil hydro-thermal processes integrated modeling system (FFIMS model) was established based on the coupled water and heat transferring mechanism for frozen soil hydro-thermal process simulations in the frozen surface or at a certain depth of a watershed. By coupling the FFIMS model with the distributed eco-hydrological model ESSI-3, the impacts of seasonally frozen soil hydrothermal processes on hydrological processes were investigated from the perspective of temporal-spatial domain with the simulated hydrothermal and hydrological processes for a long-term period from 2008 to 2016 over a watershed located in the cold region of Northeastern China. The results suggested that the soil freeze–thaw cycling posed different impacts with limited significance throughout the whole hydrological processes of the watershed in different seasons. Significant impacts on the hydrological processes were particularly observed in the thawing period of a year, when soil ice meltwater contributing to the discharge of the study watershed reached to about 35% in average in this period. ESSI-3 coupled with the FFIMS modelling system obviously improved the performance of the original ESSI-3 in cold region watershed simulations, and the averaged Nash efficiency coefficients obtained increased from almost 0 to 0.77 in the thawing period of a year. The study demonstrated the importance of application of spatially distributed numerical model with physical mechanism for seasonally frozen soil water and heat transfer process simulations.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
PDF
