Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are excellent candidates for general lighting because of their rapidly improving efficiency, durability, and reliability, their usability in products of various sizes, ...and their environmentally friendly constituents. Effective lighting devices can be realized by combining one or more phosphor materials with chips. Accordingly, it is very important that the architecture of phosphors be developed. Although numerous phosphors have been proposed in the past several years, the range of phosphors that are suitable for LEDs is limited. This work describes recent progress in our understanding of the prescription, morphology, structure, spectrum, and packaging of such phosphors. It suggests avenues for further development and the scientific challenges that must be overcome before phosphors can be practically applied in LEDs.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Warm white LEDs with a high color rendering index and a low correlated color temperature have undergone rapid development. In this regard, red-emitting materialssuch as fluoride phosphors, namely, ...A2MF6:Mn4+ (A = K, Na, and Cs; M = Si, Ge, Zr, Sn, and Ti) and XSiF6:Mn4+ (X = Ba or Zn), nitridoaluminate phosphor (SrLiAl3N4:Eu2+), and nanocrystals of cesium lead iodide perovskite (CsPbI3)have been extensively investigated recently. These compounds generate narrow emissions in the visible red spectral region that are highly perceived by the human eye and lead to excellent chromatic saturation of the red spectra. This paper describes the structure, luminescence properties, morphologies, thermal features, and moisture resistance of critical red components, as well as their limitations for practical applications. This Perspective also provides a basis for future development and scientific challenges in optical research.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
A solvent‐vapor transport route produces centimeter‐sized single‐crystal red phosphors. The epitaxial growth route to yield its core–shell structure at ambient temperature was adopted. These red ...phosphors could be applied in all‐inorganic WLED devices. Cs2TiF6:Mn4+ (CTFM) single crystal provides enhancement of quantum efficiency, moisture resistance, and thermal stability compared to polycrystalline powders. The internal quantum efficiency can reach as high as 98.7 %. To further improve waterproof stability, the Cs2TiF6 (CTF) shell with tunable thickness has been epitaxially grown on the CTFM single crystal surface and a unique three‐step photoluminescence intensity evolution mechanism has been proposed. By combining as‐prepared CTFM@CTF core–shell structured single crystal, YAG:Ce single crystal and blue‐chip, warm WLEDs with excellent color rendition (Ra=90, R9=94), low correlated color temperature (CCT=3155 K), and high luminous efficacy were fabricated without any organic resins.
Single‐crystal red phosphors easily grown by solvent exchange exhibit considerably better efficiency and stability. To further improve the chemical stability, a core–shell CTFM@CTF single crystal was prepared through an epitaxial growth route and a unique three‐step PL intensity change has been proposed.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A series of new luminescent emission-tunable phosphors Ca2Al3O6F:Ce3+,Tb3+ have been synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction. The UV–vis reflectance, photoluminescence emission and ...excitation spectra, the lifetime, and the effect of Tb3+ concentration are investigated in detail. The intense green emission is realized in the Ca2Al3O6F:0.08Ce3+,0.05Tb3+ phosphors on the basis of the highly efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ with an efficiency of over 90%. The energy transfer mechanism from Ce3+ to Tb3+ in the Ca2Al3O6F host was ascribed to the exchange interactions, and the formation of the Ce–Ce clusters and Ce–Tb clusters should be the reason for the high energy transfer efficiency. The critical distance of the energy transfer has also been calculated by the concentration-quenching method. These results indicate that the Ca2Al3O6F:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphors have potential applications as a near UV-convertible phosphor for white light-emitting diodes because of its broad excitation in the near-ultraviolet range and the efficient green emission light.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Since the first commercialization of the "rocking chair" battery in the 1990s, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries has increased continuously. To reach higher energy density, the anode-free ...configuration has been suggested and intensively studied in recent years. In an anode-free battery, the Li deposits on the bare current collector (CC) in the first discharge without any host materials. Therefore, the anode-free configuration could be considered as a special kind of Li-metal battery. Although the anode-free design enhances the battery's energy density by decreasing network weight, the low coulombic efficiency (CE) and Li dendrite restrict the practical application. The interfacial issues, such as nonuniform deposition of lithium and parasitic reactions at the CC|Li-metal|electrolyte interfaces, are responsible for the low CE value and dendrite growth. To address these problems, tuning the CC|Li-metal|electrolyte interfacial chemistry has been considered as a promising approach. Diverse strategies have been used to modify the CC|Li-metal|electrolyte interfaces in the last few years. This review provides readers an overview of interfacial chemistry in anode-free batteries, including the interfacial problems and interfacial engineering strategies. Moreover, the interfacial modification strategies for the solid-state anode-free battery are also discussed. New approaches are expected to be developed to further improve the cycling stability of the anode-free batteries.
Interfacial engineering strategies in the anode-free battery.
A facile approach for coating red fluoride phosphors with a moisture‐resistant alkyl phosphate layer with a thickness of 50–100 nm is reported. K2SiF6:Mn4+ particles were prepared by co‐precipitation ...and then coated by esterification of P2O5 with alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol). This route was adopted to encapsulate the prepared phosphors using transition‐metal ions as cross‐linkers between the alkyl phosphate moieties. The coated phosphor particles exhibited a high water tolerance and retained approximately 87 % of their initial external quantum efficiency after aging under high‐humidity (85 %) and high‐temperature (85 °C) conditions for one month. Warm white‐light‐emitting diodes that consisted of blue InGaN chips, the prepared K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphors, and either yellow Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors or green β‐SiAlON: Eu2+ phosphors showed excellent color rendition.
The moisture instability of fluoride phosphors has limited their application in optoelectronic devices. Their waterproof properties can be improved by a hydrophobic coating layer, such as an alkyl phosphate. The luminous efficacy of warm white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) based on such coated phosphors is remarkably stable even under high‐humidity and high‐temperature conditions.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Designing atomically dispersed metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a promising approach to achieve efficient energy conversion. Herein, we develop a template-assisted method to ...synthesize a series of single metal atoms anchored on porous N,S-codoped carbon (NSC) matrix as highly efficient ORR catalysts to investigate the correlation between the structure and their catalytic performance. The structure analysis indicates that an identical synthesis method results in distinguished structural differences between Fe-centered single-atom catalyst (Fe-SAs/NSC) and Co-centered/Ni-centered single-atom catalysts (Co-SAs/NSC and Ni-SAs/NSC) because of the different trends of each metal ion in forming a complex with the N,S-containing precursor during the initial synthesis process. The Fe-SAs/NSC mainly consists of a well-dispersed FeN4S2 center site where S atoms form bonds with the N atoms. The S atoms in Co-SAs/NSC and Ni-SAs/NSC, on the other hand, form metal–S bonds, resulting in CoN3S1 and NiN3S1 center sites. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals that the FeN4S2 center site is more active than the CoN3S1 and NiN3S1 sites, due to the higher charge density, lower energy barriers of the intermediates, and products involved. The experimental results indicate that all three single-atom catalysts could contribute high ORR electrochemical performances, while Fe-SAs/NSC exhibits the highest of all, which is even better than commercial Pt/C. Furthermore, Fe-SAs/NSC also displays high methanol tolerance as compared to commercial Pt/C and high stability up to 5000 cycles. This work provides insights into the rational design of the definitive structure of single-atom catalysts with tunable electrocatalytic activities for efficient energy conversion.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Silicon has long been regarded as a prospective anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, its huge volumetric changes during cycling are a major obstacle to its commercialization, as these ...changes result in irreversible cracking and disconnection of the active mass from the current collector, as well as an excessive formation of a highly resistive solid electrolyte interphase. Multiple mechanical stress relief strategies that primarily use silicon nanostructurization have been previously developed. However, despite the significant improvements on the active material cycle life, using nanomaterials still results in complications, such as low conductivity, reduced volumetric energy density, and increased side reactions. This work provides a historical context for the development of silicon anodes and focuses on the surface chemistry and structural integrity of the electrode, thereby highlighting the most effective strategies reported recently for their optimization.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are attracting considerable attention around the world. Phosphor materials, as crucial color-converted components, play central roles in LED development. The demands for ...phosphor materials have become increasingly stringent over the past decades, from high brightness to narrowband emission or function-dependent spectrum engineering. Although substantial progress has been made for currently developed phosphor materials, simultaneously satisfying all requirements for high-level applications remains challenging. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the development of phosphor materials in different generations and to elucidate the key designed mechanisms concerning the activators and the host structures to fulfill the aforementioned aspects. We highlight the developments in phosphor materials through the classification of demands for high luminescence, high thermal stability, narrowband emission for high color gamut, and broadband emission for near-infrared. We also focus on elucidating the key designed mechanisms of phosphor materials in different generations. Furthermore, future perspectives about micro-LED applications and nanoluminescent materials are provided. This study opens up an avenue for designing the luminescent materials of the future.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
PDF
