The outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms is a serious water environmental problem, and the harm it brings to aquatic ecosystems and water supply systems cannot be underestimated. It is very important to ...establish an accurate prediction model of cyanobacterial bloom concentration, which is a challenging issue. Machine learning techniques can improve the prediction accuracy, but a large amount of historical monitoring data is needed to train these models. For some waters with an inconvenient geographical location or frequent sensor failures, there are not enough historical data to train the model. To deal with this problem, a fused model based on a transfer learning method is proposed in this paper. In this study, the data of water environment with a large amount of historical monitoring data are taken as the source domain in order to learn the knowledge of cyanobacterial bloom growth characteristics and train the prediction model. The data of the water environment with a small amount of historical monitoring data are taken as the target domain in order to load the model trained in the source domain. Then, the training set of the target domain is used to participate in the inter-layer fine-tuning training of the model to obtain the transfer learning model. At last, the transfer learning model is fused with a convolutional neural network to obtain the prediction model. Various experiments are conducted for a 2 h prediction on the test set of the target domain. The results show that the proposed model can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of cyanobacterial blooms for the water environment with a low data volume.
Neural microelectrode is the important bridge of information exchange between the human body and machines. By recording and transmitting nerve signals with electrodes, people can control the external ...machines. At the same time, using electrodes to electrically stimulate nerve tissue, people with long-term brain diseases will be safely and reliably treated. Young's modulus of the traditional rigid electrode probe is not matched well with that of biological tissue, and tissue immune rejection is easy to generate, resulting in the electrode not being able to achieve long-term safety and reliable working. In recent years, the choice of flexible materials and design of electrode structures can achieve modulus matching between electrode and biological tissue, and tissue damage is decreased. This review discusses nerve microelectrodes based on flexible electrode materials and substrate materials. Simultaneously, different structural designs of neural microelectrodes are reviewed. However, flexible electrode probes are difficult to implant into the brain. Only with the aid of certain auxiliary devices, can the implant be safe and reliable. The implantation method of the nerve microelectrode is also reviewed.
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are widely applied in flexible electronic devices. Among these electrodes, silver (Ag) nanowires (NWs) have gained considerable interests due to ...their excellent electrical and optical performances. Ag NWs with a one-dimensional nanostructure have unique characteristics from those of bulk Ag. In past 10 years, researchers have proposed various synthesis methods of Ag NWs, such as ultraviolet irradiation, template method, polyol method, etc. These methods are discussed and summarized in this review, and we conclude that the advantages of the polyol method are the most obvious. This review also provides a more comprehensive description of the polyol method for the synthesis of Ag NWs, and the synthetic factors including AgNO
concentration, addition of other metal salts and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are thoroughly elaborated. Furthermore, several problems in the fabrication of Ag NWs-based TCEs and related devices are reviewed. The prospects for applications of Ag NWs-based TCE in solar cells, electroluminescence, electrochromic devices, flexible energy storage equipment, thin-film heaters and stretchable devices are discussed and summarized in detail.
Recent research supports a significant role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors. However, relevant reports for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD8+ ...tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) have not been fully studied. Therefore, we investigated PNETs for the expression of PD-L1 and infiltration by CD8+ TILs as well as the prognostic value of both factors.
In total, 159 specimens of PNETs (35 TC, 2 AC, 28 LCNEC, 94 SCLC) were included in this study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of PD-L1 in these cases. Cases demonstrating ≥5% tumor cell expression or any expression (> 1%) of PD-L1 on immune cells were considered positive. CD8+ TILs both within stroma and tumor areas of invasive carcinoma were analyzed using whole-slide digital imaging. Manual regional annotation and machine cell counts were performed for each case.
Positive expression of PD-L1 was observed in 72 cases (45.3%), including 9 cases (5.7%) with expression exclusively on tumor cells, 46 cases (28.9%) with expression exclusively on immune cells, and 17 cases (10.7%) with the expression on tumor cells and immune cells. PD-L1 expression was associated with necrosis (p < 0.001), high pathologic grade (p < 0.001) and histologic type (p < 0.001). No correlation was observed with overall survival (OS) (p = 0.158) or progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.315). In contrast, higher CD8+ T cell density was associated with the absence of vascular invasion (p = 0.004), histologic type (p = 0.005), negative lymph node metastasis (p = 0.005) and lower clinical staging (p = 0.007). Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed that CD8+ stromal TIL was an independent prognostic factor for improved OS (p = 0.009) and PFS (p = 0.002).
PD-L1 was expressed in approximately half of the PNETs. The majority of the expression was observed in immune cells. Positive expression of PD-L1 showed no correlation with OS or PFS, while higher CD8+ TILs within stroma was proved to be an independent prognostic factor for favorable OS and PFS of PNETs.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
All human activity is associated with the generation of electrical signals. These signals are collectively referred to as electrical physiology (EP) signals (e.g., electrocardiogram, ...electroencephalogram, electromyography, electrooculography, etc.), which can be recorded by electrodes. EP electrodes are not only widely used in the study of primary diseases and clinical practice, but also have potential applications in wearable electronics, human-computer interface, and intelligent robots. Various technologies are required to achieve such goals. Among these technologies, adhesion and stretchable electrode technology is a key component for rapid development of high-performance sensors. In last decade, remarkable efforts have been made in the development of flexible and high-adhesive EP recording systems and preparation technologies. Regarding these advancements, this review outlines the design strategies and related materials for flexible and adhesive EP electrodes, and briefly summarizes their related manufacturing techniques.
Waterborne polymer-cement coatings have been widely applied in building materials due to their organic solvent-free nature, low cost, and eco-friendliness. However, these coatings can easily crack ...during the drying process as a result of construction environment factors, compromising the barrier performance of the coating and limiting its large-scale application. In this study, a dual-shell self-healing microcapsule was developed, which can effectively heal damage on a macro scale in waterborne polymer-cement coatings. Specifically, this dual-shell self-healing microcapsule was designed with a silica gel shell and a tannic acid-cuprum (TA-Cu) double-shell structure embedded with an epoxy resin (EP) healing agent, which was successfully fabricated via a two-step in situ polymerization. This silica gel shell self-healing microcapsules can effectively load into waterborne polymer-cement coatings. As the coating dries and solidifies, the silica gel shell of the microcapsule also becomes loose and brittle due to dehydration. This improves the mechanical initiation efficiency of the microcapsules in the coating. This study provides a novel approach for the application of self-healing microcapsules in waterborne coating systems, which can significantly reduce cracking during the drying process of waterborne polymer-cement coatings and improve the service life of the coating under complex conditions.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The mechanism of carcinogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear now. This study aimed to explore the correlations among PD-L1, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, lymphocyte infiltration, ...HER-2 expression, HER-2 gene status, histology and other clinicopathological factors in GC. A total of 44 GC patients with massive lymphocyte infiltration (GC-MLI) and 93 GC patients without massive lymphocyte infiltration were involved in this study. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to test the expression levels of PD-L1 and HER-2. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) was used on HER-2-positive cases with a score of 2 + to test the HER-2 gene status. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) was used to test for EBV infection. In univariate analysis, PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with GC-MLI (p < 0.001), lower age (p = 0.019), EBV infection (p < 0.001), lower HER-2 expression (p = 0.011) and diffuse/mixed type of histology (p = 0.022). EBER-positive cases were significantly associated with GC-MLI (p < 0.001), lower age (p = 0.016), diffuse/mixed type of histology (p = 0.011), and lower HER-2 expression (p = 0.032). In the multivariable logistic regression model, GC-MLI and the diffuse/mixed type histology were identified as two independent factors that affected PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001). Furthermore, PD-L1 positive cases have worse Overall Survival (OS) than do PD-L1 negative cases (p = 0.011). These results suggest that massive lymphocyte infiltration and the diffuse/mixed type histology of GC should be taken into consideration to select the appropriate patients for PD-L1 inhibitory treatment in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
With the development of the Internet of things, artificial intelligence, and wearable devices, massive amounts of data are generated and need to be processed. High standards are required to store and ...analyze this information. In the face of the explosive growth of information, the memory used in data storage and processing faces great challenges. Among many types of memories, memristors have received extensive attentions due to their low energy consumption, strong tolerance, simple structure, and strong miniaturization. However, they still face many problems, especially in the application of artificial bionic synapses, which call for higher requirements in the mechanical properties of the device. The progress of integrated circuit and micro-processing manufacturing technology has greatly promoted development of the flexible memristor. The use of a flexible memristor to simulate nerve synapses will provide new methods for neural network computing and bionic sensing systems. In this paper, the materials and structure of the flexible memristor are summarized and discussed, and the latest configuration and new materials are described. In addition, this paper will focus on its application in artificial bionic synapses and discuss the challenges and development direction of flexible memristors from this perspective.
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease characterized by its high expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and near absence in adult normal tissues and benign lesions. This ...unique expression pattern positions FAP as a prospective biomarker for targeted tumor radiodiagnosis and therapy. The advent of FAP-based radiotheranostics is anticipated to revolutionize cancer management. Among various types of FAP ligands, peptides and antibodies have shown advantages over small molecules, exemplifying prolonged tumor retention in human volunteers. Within its scope, this review summarizes the recent research progress of the FAP radiopharmaceuticals based on antibodies and peptides in tumor imaging and therapy. Additionally, it incorporates insights from recent studies, providing valuable perspectives on the clinical utility of FAP-targeted radiopharmaceuticals.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this work, a polyaniline film was synthesized on the surface of ITO (indium tin oxide)–PET (polyethylene terephtalate) plastic substrate by cyclic voltammetry electrochemical method to prepare a ...transparent flexible counter electrode. Then, the surface growth mechanism of polyaniline film was analyzed, and the AC impedance and cyclic voltammetry curves were tested. The dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device was assembled for photocurrent density‐voltage curves (J‐V) test, and the photoelectric performance of the flexible polyaniline counter electrode was further discussed. All of the above tests were compared to electrochemically deposited Pt electrodes. The results show that the polyaniline has a larger specific surface area for the electrode, which is more conductive to the catalytic reduction of the iodide on the electrode. Moreover, its porous structure is more conductive to the diffusion and reaction of I-/I3-
redox couples. Under the influence of dense layer and porous structure of polyaniline film, the cell performance of 25‐sweep‐segment polyaniline counter electrode is the best. Comparing with the conventional Pt electrode, the flexible counter electrode prepared by electrochemical synthesis not only has the same performance, but also reduces the cost by about 40 %, which is of great significance for promoting the application of DSSC.
A polyaniline film was synthesized on the surface of the ITO‐PET plastic substrate by cyclic voltammetry to prepare a transparent flexible counter electrode in DSSCs. The surface growth mechanism of polyaniline film was analyzed, and the AC impedance, cyclic voltammetry curves and photocurrent density‐voltage curves were tested. Under the dual influence of polyaniline tight layer and loose layer, the cell performance of 25‐sweep‐segment polyaniline counter electrode showed the best efficiency of 7.27 %, which was slightly higher than Pt counter electrode.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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