We study Euclidean formulations of the transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) soft function, which is a cross section for soft gluon radiations involving color charges moving in two conjugate lightcone ...directions in quantum chromodynamics. We show it is related to a special form factor of a pair of color sources traveling with nearly-lightlike velocities, which can be matched to TMD physical observables in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering and Drell-Yan process in the framework of large momentum effective theory. It can also be extracted by combining a large-momentum form factor of light meson and its leading TMD wave function. These formulations are useful for initiating nonperturbative calculations of this useful quantity.
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We show that transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDPDFs), important non-perturbative quantities for describing the properties of hadrons in high-energy scattering processes ...such as Drell-Yan and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering with observed small transverse momentum, can be obtained from Euclidean QCD calculations in the framework of large-momentum effective theory (LaMET). We present a LaMET factorization of the Euclidean quasi-TMDPDFs in terms of the physical TMDPDFs and off-light-cone soft function at leading order in 1/Pz expansion, with the perturbative matching coefficient satisfying a renormalization group equation. We also discuss the implementation in lattice QCD with finite-length gauge links as well as the rapidity-regularization-independent factorization for Drell-Yan cross section.
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Relief of the chronic pain, as the negative reinforcement of pain, is recognized as a reward and it activates related brain's reward circultries. Brian's reward circuits not only relate to rewards, ...but also participate in pain process. Currently, the reward effect of acupuncture on chronic pain relief and the mechanism of brain's reward circuits involved in acupuncture analgeisa have not been revealed adequately yet. This paper reviewed the conceptual features of analgesia reward and the new progression of brain's reward circuits and function, expounded the valuable clinical and scientific significance of the researches for the reward effect of acupuncture analgesia and related brain's reward circuits, proposed the ideas and suggestions on many questions in the study of reward effect of acupuncture analgesia and related brain's reward circuits, and then, determined the multi-dimensional characteristis and positive regulation of acupuncture analgesia. Focusing on the reward effect of acupuncture and related br
Mechanisms of soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization have been widely studied due to their relevance in the global carbon cycle. No‐till (NT) has been frequently adopted to sequester SOC; however, ...limited information is available regarding whether sequestered SOC will be stabilized for long term. Thus, we reviewed the mechanisms affecting SOC stability in NT systems, including the priming effects (PE), molecular structure of SOC, aggregate protection, association with soil minerals, microbial properties, and environmental effects. Although a more steady‐state molecular structure of SOC is observed in NT compared with conventional tillage (CT), SOC stability may depend more on physical and chemical protection. On average, NT improves macro‐aggregation by 32.7%, and lowers SOC mineralization in macro‐aggregates compared with CT. Chemical protection is also important due to the direct adsorption of organic molecules and the enhancement of aggregation by soil minerals. Higher microbial activity in NT could also produce binding agents to promote aggregation and the formation of metal‐oxidant organic complexes. Thus, microbial residues could be stabilized in soils over the long term through their attachment to mineral surfaces and entrapment of aggregates under NT. On average, NT reduces SOC mineralization by 18.8% and PE intensities after fresh carbon inputs by 21.0% compared with CT (p < .05). Although higher temperature sensitivity (Q10) is observed in NT due to greater Q10 in macro‐aggregates, an increase of soil moisture regime in NT could potentially constrain the improvement of Q10. This review improves process‐based understanding of the physical and chemical mechanism of protection that can act, independently or interactively, to enhance SOC preservation. It is concluded that SOC sequestered in NT systems is likely to be stabilized over the long term.
Understanding the mechanisms of soil organic carbon (SOC) stability could be better to predict the SOC fate under climate change. Our review identified the factors affecting SOC stability and the roles of microbial residues in SOC stability regulated by physicochemical protection. This study provides systematic evidences of enhanced SOC accumulation under no‐till at upper soil depth, and improves process‐based understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms of protection that can act, independently or interactively, to enhance SOC preservation. It is concluded that SOC sequestered in no‐till systems could be stabilized over the long term.
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Aqueous Zn||vanadium oxide batteries (ZVBs) have recently received considerable attention owing to their high capacity, safety, environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness. However, the ...limited cycling stability caused by the irreversible dissolution in traditional aqueous electrolytes still restricts their further application. Herein, a novel 3 m Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte with a mixture solvent of propylene carbonate (PC) and H2O is adopted for aqueous vanadium‐based zinc‐ion batteries. With the manipulation of the electrolyte solvation structure, the optimized P20 (20% PC in volume ratio) electrolyte enables super‐stable cycling performance with high‐capacity retention of 99.5%/97% after 100/1000 cycles at 0.1/5 A g−1 at ambient environment in the Zn||NaV3O8·1.5H2O batteries. Systematical electrochemical testing and characterizations illustrate the addition of PC effectively reduces the active water molecule in Zn2+‐solvent cations and H+ in the electrolyte, thereby suppressing the cathode dissolution caused by the inserted H+ and co‐inserted H2O during the discharge/charge process. Impressively, the PC addition also enabled the Zn||NaV3O8·1.5H2O batteries present high specific capacity of 183/168 mAh g‐1 and high‐capacity retention of 100%/100% over 300/400 cycles at 0.1/0.2 A g‐1 at −40 °C, thus efficiently broadening the practical application for ZVB. This research may provide a promising strategy for designing high‐performance electrolytes for aqueous vanadium‐based batteries.
A novel 3 m zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate electrolyte with a mixture solvent of propylene carbonate and H2O is adopted for aqueous vanadium‐based zinc‐ion batteries.
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Spatially resolved structures in protoplanetary disks hint at unseen planets. Previous imaging observations of the transitional disk around MWC 758 revealed an inner cavity, a ring-like outer disk, ...emission clumps, and spiral arms, all possibly generated by companions. We present ALMA dust continuum observations of MWC 758 at 0.87 mm wavelength with 43 × 39 mas angular resolution (6.9 × 6.2 au) and 20 Jy beam−1 rms. The central submillimeter emission cavity is revealed to be eccentric; once deprojected, its outer edge can be well fitted by an ellipse with an eccentricity of 0.1 and one focus on the star. The broad ring-like outer disk is resolved into three narrow rings with two gaps in between. The outer two rings tentatively show the same eccentricity and orientation as the innermost ring bounding the inner cavity. The two previously known dust emission clumps are resolved in both the radial and azimuthal directions, with radial widths equal to ∼4× the local scale height. Only one of the two spiral arms previously imaged in near-infrared (NIR) scattered light is revealed in ALMA dust emission, at a slightly larger stellocentric distance owing to projection effects. We also submit evidence of disk truncation at ∼100 au based on comparing NIR imaging observations with models. The spirals, the north clump, and the truncated disk edge are all broadly consistent with the presence of one companion exterior to the spirals at roughly 100 au.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in our daily lives. Both light and heat are generated from LED chips and then transmitted or conducted through multiple packaging materials and ...interfaces. Part of the transmitted light converts into heat along the light propagation; in return, the accumulation of heat leads to the degradation of light output. The accumulated heat negatively influences the reliability and longevity of LEDs, and thus thermal management is critical for LED packaging and applications. On the other hand, in LED packaging processes, many fluid flow problems exist, such as phosphor coating, silicone injection, chip bonding, solder reflow, etc. Among them, phosphor coating is the most important process which is essential for LED performance. Phosphor gel is a kind of non-Newton fluid and its coating process is a typical fluid-flow problem. Overall, since LED packaging and applications present many heat and fluid flow problems, obtaining a full understanding of these problems enables advancements in the development of LED processes and designs. In this review, the emphasis is placed on heat generation in chips, heat flow in packages and application products, fluid flow in phosphor coating process, etc. This is a domain in which significant progress has been achieved in the last decade, and reporting on these advances will facilitate state-of-the-art LED packaging and application technologies.
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Rationale
Zinc isotopes are becoming increasingly applicable in high‐temperature geochemistry, for example in crust–mantle interaction and volatilization‐related processes. The published zinc isotope ...data for some commonly used reference materials, however, show large interlaboratory offsets. In addition, there is still limited data for zinc isotope compositions of many widely used geological reference materials.
Methods
For precise and accurate zinc isotopic ratio analysis of chemically diverse geostandards, including ultramafic to felsic igneous rocks, carbonatites, sediments and soils, an improved procedure for chemical purification of zinc was introduced in this study. The factors potentially affecting zinc isotopic ratio measurement were assessed. The accuracy and long‐term reproducibility were obtained by measurements on both synthetic solutions and well‐characterized geostandards.
Results
Purification of geologic samples with different zinc concentrations and matrix compositions yields consistent elution curves with nearly 100% recovery. Acidity and concentration mismatches and the presence of some matrix elements (e.g., Mg, Ti and Cr) have significant impacts on the precision and accuracy of zinc isotopic ratio measurement. The zinc isotope compositions of a suite of reference materials were measured using this method.
Conclusions
The present study describes methods for the chemical purification of zinc and high‐precision and accurate zinc isotopic ratio measurements using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC‐ICP‐MS). The long‐term external reproducibility for δ66Zn values is ±0.04‰ (2SD). High‐quality zinc isotope data of chemically different geostandards were reported to stimulate future interlaboratory calibrations.
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Since the first light-emitting diode (LED) was invented by Holonyak and Bevacqua in 1962, LEDs have made remarkable progress in the past few decades with the rapid development of epitaxy growth, chip ...design and manufacture, packaging structure, processes, and packaging materials. LEDs have superior characteristics such as high efficiency, small size, long life, low power consumption, and high reliability. The market for white LED is growing rapidly in various applications. It has been widely accepted that white LEDs will be the fourth illumination source to substitute the incandescent, fluorescent, and high-pressure sodium lamps. With the development of LED chip and packaging technologies, the efficiency of high power white LED will broaden the application markets of LEDs while changing the lighting concepts of our lives.In LED Packaging for Lighting Applications, Professors Liu and Luo cover the full spectrum of design, manufacturing, and testing. Many concepts are proposed for the first time, and readers will benefit from the concurrent engineering and co-design approaches to advanced engineering design of LED products.One of the only books to cover LEDs from package design to manufacturing to testingFocuses on the design of LED packaging and its applications such as road lightsIncludes design methods and experiences necessary for LED engineers, especially optical and thermal designIntroduces novel LED packaging structures and manufacturing processes, such as ASLPCovers reliability considerations, the most challenging problem for the LED industryProvides measurement and testing standards, which are critical for LED development, for both LED and LED fixturesCodes and demonstrations available from the book’s Companion WebsiteThis book is ideal for practicing engineers working in design or packaging at LED companies and graduate students preparing for work in industry. This book also provides a helpful introduction for advanced undergraduates, graduates, researchers, lighting designers, and product managers interested in the fundamentals of LED design and production.Color version of selected figures can be found at www.wiley.com/go/liu/led
The development of camouflage methods, often through a general resemblance to the background, has recently become a subject of intense research. However, an artificial, active camouflage that ...provides fast response to color change in the full-visible range for rapid background matching remains a daunting challenge. To this end, we report a method, based on the combination of bimetallic nanodot arrays and electrochemical bias, to allow for plasmonic modulation. Importantly, our approach permits real-time light manipulation readily matchable to the color setting in a given environment. We utilize this capability to fabricate a biomimetic mechanical chameleon and an active matrix display with dynamic color rendering covering almost the entire visible region.
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