The low-cost room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery system is arousing extensive interest owing to its promise for large-scale applications. Although significant efforts have been made, resolving low ...sulfur reaction activity and severe polysulfide dissolution remains challenging. Here, a sulfur host comprised of atomic cobalt-decorated hollow carbon nanospheres is synthesized to enhance sulfur reactivity and to electrocatalytically reduce polysulfide into the final product, sodium sulfide. The constructed sulfur cathode delivers an initial reversible capacity of 1081 mA h g
with 64.7% sulfur utilization rate; significantly, the cell retained a high reversible capacity of 508 mA h g
at 100 mA g
after 600 cycles. An excellent rate capability is achieved with an average capacity of 220.3 mA h g
at the high current density of 5 A g
. Moreover, the electrocatalytic effects of atomic cobalt are clearly evidenced by operando Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory.
Optical forces, generally arising from changes of field gradients or linear momentum carried by photons, form the basis for optical trapping and manipulation. Advances in optical forces help to ...reveal the nature of light–matter interactions, giving answers to a wide range of questions and solving problems across various disciplines, and are still yielding new insights in many exciting sciences, particularly in the fields of biological technology, material applications, and quantum sciences. This review focuses on recent advances in optical forces, ranging from fundamentals to applications for biological exploration. First, the basics of different types of optical forces with new light–matter interaction mechanisms and near‐field techniques for optical force generation beyond the diffraction limit with nanometer accuracy are described. Optical forces for biological applications from in vitro to in vivo are then reviewed. Applications from individual manipulation to multiple assembly into functional biophotonic probes and soft‐matter superstructures are discussed. At the end future directions for application of optical forces for biological exploration are provided.
Optical forces form the basis for optical trapping and manipulation, and are of critical importance in various disciplines from fundamental research to practical applications. Advances in optical forces have made significant impact for biological exploration both in vitro and in vivo, with applications from individual manipulation and analysis to multiple assembly and detection.
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Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal‐ion batteries including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their ...analogs sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal‐ion batteries are illustrated in‐depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid‐electrolyte interphase, initial Coulombic efficiency, safety concerns, and all‐climate performances, which are vital for practical applications, are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, commercial prototypes of SIBs based on HC anodes are extensively elaborated. The remaining challenges and research perspectives are provided, aiming to shed light on future research and early commercialization of HC‐based SIBs.
Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material for alkali‐metal ion batteries, especially for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) which are cost effective for grid‐scale energy storage. This review aims for a comprehensive understanding of alkali‐metal ion storage mechanisms in HC, and also rational approaches to enhance the performance of HC anodes for practical SIBs.
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Hard carbon anodes with all-plateau capacities below 0.1 V are prerequisites to achieve high energy density sodium ion storages, which are holding promises for the future sustainable energy ...technologies. However, challenges in removing defects and improving the insertion of sodium ions heading off the development of hard carbon to achieve this goal. Herein, we reported a highly cross-linked topological graphitized carbon using biomass corn cobs through a two-step rapid thermal annealing strategy. The topological graphitized carbon constructed with long-range graphene nanoribbons and cavities/tunnels provides a multi-directional insertions of sodium ions whilst eliminating defects to absorb sodium ions at high voltage region. Evidences from advanced technique including in-situ XRD, in-situ Raman and in-situ/ex-situ TEM indicate that the sodium ions appear Na cluster formation between curved topological graphite layers and in the topological cavity of adjacent graphite band entanglements. The reported topological insertion mechanism enables outstanding battery performance with a single full low-voltage plateau capacity of 290 mAh g
, which is almost 97% of the total capacity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Phototheranostics have emerged and flourished as a promising pattern for cancer theranostics owing to their precise photoinduced diagnosis and therapeutic to meet the demands of precision medicine. ...The diagnosis information and therapeutic effect are directly determined by the fluorescence imaging ability and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of phototheranostic agents. Hence, how to balance the competitive radiative and nonradiative processes of phototheranostic agents is the key factor to evaluate the phototheranostic effect. Herein, molecules named ICRs with high photostaibility are rationally designed, exhibiting fluorescence emission in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) and high PCE, which are related to the strong donor–acceptor (D–A) interaction and high reorganization energy Noteworthily, ICR‐Qu with stronger D–A interaction and a large‐sized conjugated unit encapsulated in nanoparticles exhibits high PCE (81.1%). In addition, ICR‐QuNPs are used for fluorescence imaging (FLI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and photothermal imaging (PTI) to guide deep‐tissue photonic hyperthermia, achieving precise removal and inhibition of breast cancer. Furthermore, combined with α‐PD‐1, ICR‐QuNPs show huge potential to be a facile and efficient tool for photo‐immunotherapy. More importantly, this study not only reports an “all‐in‐one” polymethine‐based phototheranostic agent, but also sheds light on the exploration of versatile organic molecules for future practical applications.
Polymethine dyes with second near‐infrared emission and photoacoustic imaging capability are synthesized by the electronic‐donor group regulation strategy, which demonstrates high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE = 81.1%) as an antitumor stategy in vivo and in vitro under the multimodal imaging guidance; theoretical calculation reveals the structure regulation mechanism for the polymethine‐based phototheranostic agent to achieve an excellent PCE.
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Both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial to water splitting, but require alternative active sites. Now, a general π‐electron‐assisted strategy to ...anchor single‐atom sites (M=Ir, Pt, Ru, Pd, Fe, Ni) on a heterogeneous support is reported. The M atoms can simultaneously anchor on two distinct domains of the hybrid support, four‐fold N/C atoms (M@NC), and centers of Co octahedra (M@Co), which are expected to serve as bifunctional electrocatalysts towards the HER and the OER. The Ir catalyst exhibits the best water‐splitting performance, showing a low applied potential of 1.603 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 m KOH solution with cycling over 5 h. DFT calculations indicate that the Ir@Co (Ir) sites can accelerate the OER, while the Ir@NC3 sites are responsible for the enhanced HER, clarifying the unprecedented performance of this bifunctional catalyst towards full water splitting.
HER and OER! The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial to water splitting, but require alternative active sites. Now, a general π‐electron‐assisted strategy to anchor single‐atom sites (M=Ir, Pt, Ru, Pd, Fe, Ni) on a heterogeneous support is reported. The M atoms can simultaneously anchor on two distinct domains of the hybrid support, four‐fold N/C atoms, and centers of Co octahedra.
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Abstract
Little is known about the transcriptomic plasticity and adaptive mechanisms of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during hematogeneous dissemination. Here we interrogate the transcriptome of 113 ...single CTCs from 4 different vascular sites, including hepatic vein (HV), peripheral artery (PA), peripheral vein (PV) and portal vein (PoV) using single-cell full-length RNA sequencing in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. We reveal that the transcriptional dynamics of CTCs were associated with stress response, cell cycle and immune-evasion signaling during hematogeneous transportation. Besides, we identify chemokine CCL5 as an important mediator for CTC immune evasion. Mechanistically, overexpression of CCL5 in CTCs is transcriptionally regulated by p38-MAX signaling, which recruites regulatory T cells (Tregs) to facilitate immune escape and metastatic seeding of CTCs. Collectively, our results reveal a previously unappreciated spatial heterogeneity and an immune-escape mechanism of CTC, which may aid in designing new anti-metastasis therapeutic strategies in HCC.
Room‐temperature (RT) sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries hold great promise for large‐scale energy storage due to the advantages of high energy density, low cost, and resource abundance. The research ...progress on RT Na–S batteries, however, has been greatly hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the sulfur redox reactions. Herein, an elaborate multifunctional architecture, consisting of N‐doped carbon skeletons and tunable MoS2 sulfiphilic sites, is fabricated via a simple one‐pot reaction followed by in situ sulfurization. Beyond the physical confinement and chemical binding of polarized N‐doped carbonaceous microflowers, the MoS2 active sites play a key role in catalyzing polysulfide redox reactions, especially the conversion from long‐chain Na2Sn (4 ≤ n ≤ 8) to short‐chain Na2S2 and Na2S. Significantly, the electrocatalytic activity of MoS2 can be tunable via adjusting the discharge depth. It is remarkable that the sodiated MoS2 exhibits much stronger binding energy and electrocatalytic behavior compared to MoS2 sites, effectively enhancing the formation of the final Na2S product. Consequently, the S cathode achieves superior electrochemical performance in RT Na–S batteries, delivering a high capacity of 774.2 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and an ultrahigh capacity retention with a capacity decay rate of only 0.0055% per cycle over 2800 cycles.
An elaborate multifunctional S cathode achieves superior electrochemical performance and prolonged cycling lifespan in room‐temperature Na–S batteries. Beyond the physical confinement and chemical binding of polarized N‐doped carbonaceous microflowers, the MoS2 active sites play a key role in catalyzing polysulfide redox reactions, and the electrocatalytic activity of MoS2 can be tunable via adjusting the discharge depth.
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Two‐dimensional (2D) materials and ultrathin nanosheets are advantageous for elevating the catalysis performance and elucidating the catalysis mechanism of heterogeneous catalysts, but they are ...mostly restricted to inorganic or organic materials based on covalent bonds. We report an electrochemical/chemical exfoliation strategy for synthesizing metal–organic 2D materials based on coordination bonds. A catechol functionalized ligand is used as the redox active pillar to construct a pillared‐layer framework. When the 3D pillared‐layer MOF serves as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation (pH 13), the pillar ligands can be oxidized in situ and removed. The remaining ultrathin (2 nm) nanosheets of the metal–organic layers are an efficient catalyst with overpotentials as low as 211 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a turnover frequency as high as 30 s−1 at an overpotential of 300 mV.
MOF slicing: A pillared‐layer metal–organic framework (MOF), in which the catechol functionalized pillars can be oxidized and removed in an electrochemical process, gives ultrathin nanosheets (2 nm). These are efficient electrocatalysts for water oxidation at pH 13 with a low overpotential and high turnover frequency (TOF).
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Rechargeable room‐temperature sodium–sulfur (RT‐NaS) batteries represent one of the most attractive technologies for future stationary energy storage due to their high energy density and low cost. ...The S cathodes can react with Na ions via two‐electron conversion reactions, thus achieving ultrahigh theoretical capacity (1672 mAh g−1) and specific energy (1273 Wh kg−1). Unfortunately, the sluggish reaction kinetics of the nonconductive S, severe polysulfide dissolution, and the use of metallic Na are causing enormous challenges for the development of RT‐NaS batteries. Fatal polysulfide dissolution is highlighted, important studies toward polysulfide immobilization and conversion are presented, and the reported remedies in terms of intact physical confinement, strong chemical interaction, blocking layers, and optimization of electrolytes are summarized. Future research directions toward practical RT‐NaS batteries are summarized.
Room‐temperature sodium–sulfur (RT‐NaS) batteries are emerging as a very competitive choice for large‐scale electrical energy storage. The understanding of and strategies for fatal polysulfide dissolution in sulfur cathodes are of crucial importance. Effective remedies in terms of intact physical confinement, strong chemical interaction, blocking layers, and optimization of electrolytes are summarized, followed by future research directions toward practical RT‐NaS batteries.
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