Background and Aims
The risk factors of cholelithiasis have not been clearly identified, especially for total cholesterol. Here, we try to identify these causal risk factors.
Approach and Results
We ...obtained genetic variants associated with the exposures at the genome‐wide significance (p < 5 × 10−8) level from corresponding genome‐wide association studies. Summary‐level statistical data for cholelithiasis were obtained from FinnGen and UK Biobank (UKB) consortia. Both univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to identify causal risk factors of cholelithiasis. Results from FinnGen and UKB were combined using the fixed‐effect model. In FinnGen, the odds of cholelithiasis increased per 1‐SD increase of body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.631, p = 2.16 × 10−7), together with body fat percentage (OR = 2.108, p = 4.56 × 10−3) and fasting insulin (OR = 2.340, p = 9.09 × 10−3). The odds of cholelithiasis would also increase with lowering of total cholesterol (OR = 0.789, p = 8.34 × 10−5) and low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL‐C) (OR = 0.792, p = 2.45 × 10−4). However, LDL‐C was not significant in multivariable MR. In UKB, the results of BMI, body fat percentage, total cholesterol, and LDL‐C were replicated. In meta‐analysis, the liability to type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking could also increase the risk of cholelithiasis. Moreover, there were no associations with other predominant risk factors.
Conclusions
Our MR study corroborated the risk factors of cholelithiasis from previous MR studies. Furthermore, lower total cholesterol level could be an independent risk factor.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This study focuses on the experiences of disabled individuals in online activism in the context of China. Adopting the social model of disability, this study found an iceberg structure consisting of ...two levels and three layers. The explicit level included observed labels, attitudes and legislation. The implicit level involved both social and internalized stereotypes. These three layers of social structures interacted with each other and together brought about social exclusion into being. Adopting the social model as an organizing principle represents a starting point to alter social patterns and possibly change social isolation.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
43.
Control principles of complex systems Liu, Yang-Yu; Barabási, Albert-László
Reviews of modern physics,
09/2016, Volume:
88, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A reflection of our ultimate understanding of a complex system is our ability to control its behavior. Typically, control has multiple prerequisites: it requires an accurate map of the network that ...governs the interactions between the system's components, a quantitative description of the dynamical laws that govern the temporal behavior of each component, and an ability to influence the state and temporal behavior of a selected subset of the components. With deep roots in dynamical systems and control theory, notions of control and controllability have taken a new life recently in the study of complex networks, inspiring several fundamental questions: What are the control principles of complex systems? How do networks organize themselves to balance control with functionality? To address these questions here recent advances on the controllability and the control of complex networks are reviewed, exploring the intricate interplay between the network topology and dynamical laws. The pertinent mathematical results are matched with empirical findings and applications. Uncovering the control principles of complex systems can help us explore and ultimately understand the fundamental laws that govern their behavior.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
Dissipative self-assembly is common in biological systems, where it serves to maintain a far-from-equilibrium functional state through fuel consumption. Synthetic dissipative systems have been ...prepared that can mimic some of the properties of biological systems, but they often show poor mechanical performance. Here, we report a shear-induced transient hydrogel that is highly stretchable. The system is constructed by adding Cu(II) into the aqueous solution of a pseudopolyrotaxane, which is itself formed by threading molecular tubes on polyethylene glycol chains. Vigorous shaking transforms the solution into a gel, which gradually relaxes back to the sol state over time. This cycle can be repeated at least five times. A mechanism is proposed that relies on a shear-induced transition from intrachain to interchain coordination and subsequent thermal relaxation. The far-from-equilibrium hydrogel is highly stretchable, which is probably due to 'frictional' sliding of the molecular tubes on the polyethylene glycol chains. On shaking, the hydrogel undergoes fast self-healing.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Exploring 2D ultrawide bandgap semiconductors (UWBSs) will be conductive to the development of next‐generation nanodevices, such as deep‐ultraviolet photodetectors, single‐photon emitters, and ...high‐power flexible electronic devices. However, a gap still remains between the theoretical prediction of novel 2D UWBSs and the experimental realization of the corresponding materials. The cross‐substitution process is an effective way to construct novel semiconductors with the favorable parent characteristics (e.g., structure) and the better physicochemical properties (e.g., bandgap). Herein, a simple case is offered for rational design and syntheses of 2D UWBS GaPS4 by employing state‐of‐the‐art GeS2 as a similar structural model. Benefiting from the cosubstitution of Ge with lighter Ga and P, the GaPS4 crystals exhibit sharply enlarged optical bandgaps (few‐layer: 3.94 eV and monolayer: 4.50 eV) and superior detection performances with high responsivity (4.89 A W−1), high detectivity (1.98 × 1012 Jones), and high quantum efficiency (2.39 × 103%) in the solar‐blind ultraviolet region. Moreover, the GaPS4‐based photodetector exhibits polarization‐sensitive photoresponse with a linear dichroic ratio of 1.85 at 254 nm, benefitting from its in‐plane structural anisotropy. These results provide a pathway for the discovery and fabrication of 2D UWBS anisotropic materials, which become promising candidates for future solar‐blind ultraviolet and polarization‐sensitive sensors.
A cross‐substitution process is used to design 2D ultrawide‐bandgap semiconductor GaPS4 by employing GeS2 as a similar structural model. Monolayer GaPS4 exhibits an ultrawide optical bandgap of 4.50 eV. The polarization‐sensitive photodetectors based on the GaPS4 material display high selectivity and linear dichroic ratio in the solar‐blind ultraviolet region.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Amino groups are common in both natural and synthetic compounds and offer a very attractive class of endogenous handles for bioconjugation. However, the ability to differentiate two types of amino ...groups and join them with high hetero‐selectivity and efficiency in a complex setting remains elusive. Herein, we report a new method for bioconjugation via one‐pot chemoselective clamping of two different amine nucleophiles using a simple ortho‐phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent. Various α‐amino acids, aryl amines, and secondary amines can be crosslinked to the ϵ‐amino side chain of lysine on peptides or proteins with high efficiency and hetero‐selectivity. This method offers a simple and powerful means to crosslink small molecule drugs, imaging probes, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, and even virus particles without any pre‐functionalization.
Simple ortho‐phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent enables a facile and broadly applicable bioconjugation strategy via hetero‐selective clamping of two different endogenous amino handles such as ϵ‐NH2 of lysine and α‐NH2 of α‐amino acids without any pre‐functionalization.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In order to explore how to realize visual design of building space model, this paper proposes a method of building space model based on big data map visual design. This method explores the research ...on how to realize the visual design of map by building space model through the key technical problems and solutions of information recommendation based on big data map. The research shows that the building space model method based on big data map visual design can effectively solve the shortcomings of traditional methods, and the work efficiency is about 65% higher than that of traditional methods. From the perspective of big data, apply the thinking and technology of big data to the field of architectural planning, and promote the innovation and development of architectural planning through the data acquisition, analysis, feedback, and evaluation technology of big data.
Background and Objectives
Frequently aberrant expression of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) have been observed in several human cancers. In this retrospective study, we aimed at ...investigating the prognostic significance of CK7 and CK19 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).
Methods
Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess CK7 and CK19 expression on tissue microarrays in training cohort enrolling 214 ICC patients and validation cohort comprising 108 ICC patients. Kaplan‐Meier analysis, Cox's proportional hazards regression, and nomogram were applied to evaluate the prognostic significance of both CKs.
Results
Both CK7 and CK19 expression were significantly up‐regulated in ICC compared to their non‐tumor counterparts, and positively correlated with aggressive tumor phenotypes, like lymph node metastasis and larger tumor size. Furthermore, high expression of either CK7 or CK19 predicted a significantly dismal postoperative survival. Integrated analysis of CK7 and CK19 expression was identified as a better indicator for survival probability. Notably, the nomogram integrating CK7/CK19 index had a perfect prognostic performance as compared with current staging systems. The results were further confirmed in the validation cohort.
Conclusions
CK7/CK19 index was an independent adverse prognostic factor for ICC patients’ survival, and may be helpful to improve postoperative risk stratification and individualized treatment strategies.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•A deep physics-guided convolutional neural network (PhyCNN) is developed for structural seismic response estimation.•Available physics can provide constraints to the network outputs, alleviate ...overfitting issues, reduce the need of big training datasets, and thus improve the robustness of the trained model for more reliable prediction.•The proposed approach was successfully demonstrated by both numerical and experimental case studies.
Accurate prediction of building’s response subjected to earthquakes makes possible to evaluate building performance. To this end, we leverage the recent advances in deep learning and develop a physics-guided convolutional neural network (PhyCNN) for data-driven structural seismic response modeling. The concept is to train a deep PhyCNN model based on limited seismic input–output datasets (e.g., from simulation or sensing) and physics constraints, and thus establish a surrogate model for structural response prediction. Available physics (e.g., the law of dynamics) can provide constraints to the network outputs, alleviate overfitting issues, reduce the need of big training datasets, and thus improve the robustness of the trained model for more reliable prediction. The surrogate model is then utilized for fragility analysis given certain limit state criteria. In addition, an unsupervised learning algorithm based on K-means clustering is also proposed to partition the datasets to training, validation and prediction categories, so as to maximize the use of limited datasets. The performance of PhyCNN is demonstrated through both numerical and experimental examples. Convincing results illustrate that PhyCNN is capable of accurately predicting building’s seismic response in a data-driven fashion without the need of a physics-based analytical/numerical model. The PhyCNN paradigm also outperforms non-physics-guided neural networks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Let $u$ be a function on a locally finite graph $G=(V, E)$ and $\Omega$ be a bounded subset of $V$. Let $\varepsilon>0$, $p>2$ and $0\leq\lambda<\lambda_1(\Omega)$ be constants, where ...$\lambda_1(\Omega)$ is the first eigenvalue of the discrete Laplacian, and $h: V\ra\mathbb{R}$ be a function satisfying $h\geq 0$ and $h\not\equiv 0$. We consider a perturbed Yamabe equation, say \begin{equation*}\left\{\begin{array}{lll} -\Delta u-\lambda u=|u|^{p-2}u+\varepsilon h, &{\rm in}& \Omega,\\ u=0,&{\rm on}&\p\Omega,\end{array}\ri. \end{equation*} where $\Omega$ and $\p\Omega$ denote the interior and the boundary of $\Omega$, respectively. Using variational methods, we prove that there exists some positive constant $\varepsilon_0>0$ such that for all $\varepsilon\in(0,\varepsilon_0)$, the above equation has two distinct solutions. Moreover, we consider a more general nonlinear equation \begin{equation*}\left\{\begin{array}{lll} -\Delta u=f(u)+\varepsilon h, &{\rm in}& \Omega,\\ u=0, &{\rm on}&\p\Omega,\end{array}\ri. \end{equation*} and prove similar result for certain nonlinear term $f(u)$. KCI Citation Count: 0
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