Water freezing remains a perennial topic of great relevance to many important aspects of our lives; from the climate to human society and from economics to medicine, frozen water profoundly ...influences our living environment and life activities. There have been numerous publications on water freezing; however, confusion regarding the process of freezing remains. In this review, we mainly focused on the nucleation aspects of water freezing; in particular, we focused on the effect of the surface morphology and nanostructure of foreign bodies. This review covers the recent progress in ice nucleation and anti-freezing strategies within the framework of nucleation principles. In this regard, we first summarize the crystal nucleation theories. Due to high interfacial energy, ice crystallization is primarily controlled by heterogeneous nucleation events, because the homogeneous nucleation barrier of ice is extremely high. In addition to the interfacial energy, the interfacial morphology or nanostructure of foreign bodies plays a diverse role under different supercooling regimes due to the Gibbs-Thomson effect. This effect gives rise to the inverse homogeneous-like nucleation phenomenon, in which foreign bodies have little influence on the nucleation barrier. This ensures the accurate measurement of the nucleation barrier, critical size, and water-ice interfacial energy, in agreement with the latest studies based on a microemulsions approach, metadynamics, the mW model,
etc.
As a consequence, anti-freezing strategies can be implemented by reducing the nucleation rate through restriction of the contact area of the water/substrate interface, by increasing the heterogeneous nucleation barrier through modification of the interfacial properties of foreign particles, including the interfacial structure and the interaction between the water and foreign particles and by kink kinetics. Within this context, the anti-freezing mechanism of superhydrophobic substrates was reviewed. Therefore, it follows that by significantly reducing the contact area between the water and substrate, superhydrophobic materials can effectively reduce the heterogeneous nucleation rate. We hope that this review will provide a unified picture and guidance for future work on water freezing.
Water freezing remains a perennial topic of great relevance to many important aspects of our lives; from the climate to human society and from economics to medicine, frozen water profoundly influences our living environment and life activities.
On the one hand, Andriot and Roupec (Fortsch Phys, 1800105, 2019) proposed an alternative refined de Sitter conjecture, which gives a natural condition on a combination of the first and second ...derivatives of the scalar potential (Andriot and Roupec 2019). On the other hand, in our previous article (Liu in Eur Phys J Plus 136:901, 2021) , we have found that Palatini Higgs inflation model is in strong tension with the refined de Sitter swampland conjecture (Liu 2021). Therefore, following our previous research, in this article we examine if Higgs inflation model and its two variations: Palatini Higgs inflation and Higgs-Dilaton model (Rubio in Front Astron Space Sci,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2018.00050
, 2019) can satisfy the “further refining de Sitter swampland conjecture” or not. Based on observational data (Ade et al., Phys Rev Lett 121:221301, 2018; Akrami et al., Planck 2018 results. X. Constraints on inflation,
arXiv:1807.06211
astro-ph.CO, 2018; Aghanim et al., Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters,
arXiv:1807.06209
astro-ph.CO, 2018), we find that these three inflationary models can always satisfy this new swampland conjecture if only we adjust the relevant parameters
a
,
b
=
1
-
a
and
q
. Therefore, if the “further refining de Sitter swampland conjecture” does indeed hold, then the three inflationary models might all be in “landscape”.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Lung cancer is one of the greatest threats to human health, and is initially detected and attacked by the immune system through tumor‐reactive T cells. The aim of this study was to determine the ...basic characteristics and clinical significance of the peripheral blood T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in patients with advanced lung cancer. To comprehensively profile the TCR repertoire, high‐throughput sequencing was used to identify hypervariable rearrangements of complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of the TCR β chain in peripheral blood samples from 64 advanced lung cancer patients and 31 healthy controls. We found that the TCR repertoire differed substantially between lung cancer patients and healthy controls in terms of CDR3 clonotype, diversity, V/J segment usage, and sequence. Specifically, baseline diversity correlated with several clinical characteristics, and high diversity reflected a better immune status. Dynamic detection of the TCR repertoire during anticancer treatment was useful for prognosis. Both increased diversity and high overlap rate between the pre‐ and post‐treatment TCR repertoires indicated clinical benefit. Combination of the diversity and overlap rate was used to categorize patients into immune improved or immune worsened groups and demonstrated enhanced prognostic significance. In conclusion, TCR repertoire analysis served as a useful indicator of disease development and prognosis in advanced lung cancer and may be utilized to direct future immunotherapy.
What's new?
T cells are essential players in the anti‐cancer immune response. Characterization of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is a promising method for assessing tumor activity, directing therapy, and predicting prognosis; however, the importance of the TCR repertoire in lung cancer is unclear. This sequencing analysis found that the peripheral blood TCR repertoire of patients with advanced lung cancer was significantly different from that of healthy individuals. The peripheral blood TCR repertoire correlated with several clinical characteristics and patient immune status. Dynamic TCR repertoire analysis served as a useful indicator of disease development and may be utilized to direct future immunotherapy.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Hawking radiation is one of the cores in modern gravitational theory. Several articles have calculated the spectrum of Hawking radiation in Boltzmann–Gibbs statistical mechanics. However, based on ...recent researches, gravitational systems cannot be studied by the standard statistical mechanics. In this article, we calculate the modification to the spectrum of Hawking radiation in Tsallis statistical mechanics. We obtain the modified Stefan–Boltzmann’s law and modified power of Hawking radiation. We confirm the conclusion proposed by Giddings, namely, the radiation should originate from the effective radius, which extends well outside the horizon of black-hole. The lifetime of black hole and the effect of large
q
are discussed as well.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Primary tumors create a favorable microenvironment, namely, pre-metastatic niche, in secondary organs and tissue sites for subsequent metastases. The pre-metastatic niche can be primed and ...established through a complex interplay among primary tumor-derived factors, tumor-mobilized bone marrow-derived cells, and local stromal components. We review here our current understanding of the key components and underlying mechanisms for pre-metastatic niche formation. We propose six characteristics that define the pre-metastatic niche, which enable tumor cell colonization and promote metastasis, including immunosuppression, inflammation, angiogenesis/vascular permeability, lymphangiogenesis, organotropism, and reprogramming. We highlight the significance of the pre-metastatic niche, and discuss potential implications and future research directions.
Primary tumors create a favorable microenvironment, namely, pre-metastatic niche, in secondary organs and tissue sites for subsequent metastases. The pre-metastatic niche can be primed and established through a complex interplay among primary tumor-derived factors, tumor-mobilized bone marrow-derived cells, and local stromal components. Liu and Cao review the current understanding of key components and the underlying mechanisms for pre-metastatic niche formation. Six characteristics are proposed that define the pre-metastatic niche which enable tumor cell colonization and promote metastasis, including immunosuppression, inflammation, angiogenesis/vascular permeability, lymphangiogenesis, organotropism, and reprogramming. The significance of the pre-metastatic niche is highlighted, and potential implications and future research directions are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this article, we intend to find a specific model which can satisfy the further refining dS swampland conjecture and scalar weak gravity conjecture (SWGC) simultaneously, in particular, Higgs ...inflation model and its two extensions: Higgs-dilaton model and Palatini Higgs inflation. We determine the conditions if the three inflation models satisfy scalar weak gravity conjecture (SWGC) and strong scalar weak gravity conjecture (SSWGC).
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We employ a ghost model of interacting dark energy to obtain the equation of state
ω
for ghost energy density in an FRW universe in complex quintessence theory. We reconstruct the potential and study ...the dynamics of the scalar field that describes complex quintessence cosmology. We perform
ω
-
ω
′
analysis and stability analysis for both non-interacting and interacting cases and find that the same basic conclusion as for the real model, where
ω
′
=
d
ω
/
d
l
n
a
. Taking account of the effect of the complex part and assuming the real part of the quintessence field to be a slow-rolling field, we conclude that the non-interacting model cannot describe the real universe since this will lead to fractional energy density
Ω
D
>
1
, where
Ω
D
can be defined as the ratio of
ρ
D
to
ρ
cr
. However, for the interacting case, if we take present
Ω
D
=
0.73
, then we can determine that
b
2
=
0.0849
, where
b
2
is the interaction coupling parameter between matter and dark energy. In the real quintessence model,
Ω
D
and
b
2
are independent parameters, whereas in the complex quintessence model, we conclude that there is a relationship between these two parameters.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Convection heat transfer in cavities has attracted much attention from researchers. Many kinds of nanofluids have exhibited non-Newtonian behavior and been employed as heat transfer fluids in ...cavities. In a non-Newtonian fluid, shear stress and strain do not have a linear relationship. Such fluids do not follow Newton’s law of shear stress. As a result, researchers have used such models as the power-law or Bingham to formulate the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids and provide a numerical solution. In this study, first the non-Newtonian nanofluids were summarized. And then two well-known models, namely the power-law and Bingham models, are introduced, which was followed by empirical studies in non-Newtonian fluids or nanofluids. Then a summary of studies on nanofluids and non-Newtonian fluids inside different types of cavities was provided. Moreover, some tables are presented summarizing numerical studies into cavities containing nanofluids or non-Newtonian fluids and their significant findings.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
High fat diet (HFD) treated mouse is widely used as experimental animal model for hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia study. Many factors contribute to establish animal model that meant to simulate high ...fat and glucose diet induced phenotypes. In the present study, four strains of experiment mouse treated by HFD were used to explore the impact of mouse strain on lipid profile, glucose level, and major inflammation cytokines. HFD fed Kunming and ICR mouse gained significantly higher body weight than control which was not shown by C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse. All four strains fed by HFD has heavier liver and adipose tissue than control ones. Obvious fat droplets and enlarged adipose cells were observed in obese mouse of four strains. Additionally, obese mouse showed typical response to glucose and insulin load in OGTT and ITT. Serum TC, LDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratio, but not TG, increased in all four strains. Major inflammatory cytokines and insulin level showed little changes in obese mouse as well (P<0.05) The present study could provide basic information for diet induced obesity developed by four commonly used experimental mouse strains.
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