General emissions of volatile organic compounds from wood are well investigated, but only limited information is available on the odor-active substances contained therein. To close this gap, we aimed ...at specifically elucidating the odorous constituents of wood from incense cedar
Calocedrus decurrens
(Torr.) Florin; this material is commonly used for the production of a range of products such as pencils and interior accessories. Targeted odorant analysis requires specialized techniques combining modern odorant analytical tools with human-sensory evaluation. Following this concept, the odor profile of the wood sample was first evaluated by human-sensory analyses. Then, the most potent wood odorants were characterized by means of gas chromatography–olfactometry and ranked according to their odor potency via aroma extract dilution analysis. With use of this approach, more than 60 odorous substances were detected, and the 22 most potent odorants were successfully identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry. Among the main odorants found were a series of terpenes, several degradation products of fatty acids, and a number of odorants with a phenolic core moiety. Five odorants are reported here for the first time as wood odorants, such as γ-octalactone and 3-phenylpropanoic acid; thymoquinone was demonstrated for the first time to have a pencil-like odor quality.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In odour research, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the detailed understanding of the determinants and the magnitude of an odour's impact on human psychophysiology. Therefore, the present ...review aims to summarize current evidence on psychophysiological responses to olfactory events, to highlight diversity in research methods, and to provide recommendations for further research.
Predefined search items were used for literature research in two databases, focussing on recent investigations of cardiac and electrodermal responses to short (<10 s) olfactory stimulations, combined with self-reports on odour experience, in a healthy population. The selected 27 publications were evaluated with regard to their methods and their findings on psychophysiological correlates of odour stimulation, following a conceptual scheme proposing mediating and moderating factors of physiological responses to odour stimuli.
The cardiac and electrodermal activity generally followed a discriminative pattern depending on the perceived pleasantness of an odour. Moreover, the trigeminal aspect of an odour stimulus became evident in electrodermal activity in several studies. Finally, for many of the here addressed potentially mediating and moderating variables, initial findings were obtained in some studies but these await corroboration by future research. With regard to the applied methodology, the reviewed studies were highly diverse, in terms of odour application, study design, and analysis of the time series data.
Future research is needed to advance our understanding of, and theoretical concepts beyond, psychophysiological responses to olfactory events, and to achieve experimentally validated methodological guidelines for psychophysiological measurements in olfaction research.
•We selected and reviewed 27 publications on electrodermal and cardiac responses to olfactory events•We highlight common concepts of psychological effects of odours on human physiology and propose a conceptual scheme•We provide an overview of current methods used for data evaluation•We propose ‘best practices’ for analysing physiological responses to olfactory events
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Human milk odour has for long elicited research interest with regard to its function in breastfeeding initiation. The present review aims to provide an overview of the behavioural effects of human ...milk odour in the human neonate, considering different types of response measures in a feeding or non-feeding context. Further, an overview of the current knowledge of odorant composition and factors influencing milk odour is provided by summarizing results from analytical studies using olfactometry, and addressing changes in milk odour due to storage, lactational stage, and maternal dietary intake of odorous substances. We finally highlight some issues for future research.
•Human milk odour affects mother-infant-interaction during breastfeeding.•Human neonates detect and respond to human milk odour by physiological and behavioural means.•Many odour-active molecules have been identified in human milk.•Issues for future research are highlighted, especially those concerning the communicative function of human milk odour.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The typical new car smell is not only perceived directly after vehicle delivery. Vehicle interiors maintain their characteristic odors for a period of time during use even though the gas composition ...of the vehicle interior changes due to external influences. To obtain deeper insights into the odorant composition of a passenger cabin, this study aimed at characterizing the gas phase of two vehicle interiors at defined time intervals after vehicle delivery, and use by a customer in a controlled environment using a targeted odorant analysis. Thereby, the decrease in the general emissions in the cars did not coincide with the decay behavior of the odorants due to the chemical characteristics such as polarity of the odorants. Identification of the odorants in the vehicle interior during use revealed three groups of odor contributors exhibiting different decay behaviors: (i) odorants vaporizing rapidly via elevated temperature; (ii) odorants released by continued diffusion from materials; and (iii) fragrance chemicals of the customer. After 23 weeks of vehicle use, octanal, p‐chloro‐m‐cresol, nonanal, p‐tert‐butylphenol, γ‐nonalactone, and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones represented the most important odorants in the vehicle interior constituting the investigated car odor. The results of a descriptive sensory analysis corresponded with the identified odorants.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Body odor is an important aspect in interpersonal communication. For psychological and chemical research on body odors, suitable procedures for sampling and application, and analysis of body odors ...are essential. In this study, different textile fabrics (polyester, cotton, and Gazin gauze) were comparatively evaluated in view of their potential suitability for body odor sampling by determining recovery rates of selected body odor substances. In addition, the impact of sample preparation and storage conditions on the recovery rates was determined.
The recovery rates of dimethyl disulfide, (E)-non-2-enal, 5α-androst-16-en-3-one, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, heptanal and 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol were determined under different conditions of storage (storage for 30 min at room temperature or storage for 30 min at room temperature followed by freezing at – 80 °C for 4 weeks) and sample work-up (solvent extraction with and without solvent-assisted flavour evaporation, in the following: SAFE). SAFE led to overall lower recovery rates with a significant effect for (E)-non-2-enal and 5α-androst-16-en-3-one. Nevertheless, the results showed that SAFE can be an essential step when working with a complex matrix. When comparing the different fabrics, except for (E)-non-2-enal no difference between the recovery rates obtained for cotton and polyester became evident. Gazin gauze showed lower recovery rates for all compounds. Finally, our results showed that the here investigated target compounds are stable during storage for four weeks at – 80 °C.
The results show on the one hand that the here investigated compounds were stable during storage and that the fiber type had limited influence on overall recovery rates. On the other hand, they highlight the limitations of using textile materials for sampling of volatile substances, especially with regard to low recovery rates for certain substances and the necessity of material pre-treatment or distillation steps for enabling GC-MS analysis after solvent extraction.
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•Recoveries of selected body odor compounds were analyzed in three textile materials.•Textile materials were solvent extracted and the extracts measured by GC-MS.•A freezing step (−80 °C for four weeks) did not affect the recovery rates.•Solvent-assisted flavor evaporation influenced the recovery rates of all substances.•Lower recoveries were obtained for Gazin gauze compared to polyester and cotton.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
6.
Odorant Metabolism in Humans Kornbausch, Nicole; Debong, Marcel W.; Buettner, Andrea ...
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
August 26, 2022, Volume:
61, Issue:
35
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Odorants are relatively small molecules which are easily taken up and distributed in the human body. Despite their relevance in everyday life, however, only a limited amount of evidence about their ...metabolism, pathways, and bioactivities in the human body exists. With this Review, we aim to encourage future interdisciplinary research on the function and mechanisms of the biotransformation of odorants, involving different disciplines such as nutrition, medicine, biochemistry, chemistry, and sensory sciences. Starting with a general overview of the different ways of odorant uptake and enzymes involved in the metabolism of odorants, a more precise description of biotransformation processes and their function in the oral cavity, the nose, the lower respiratory tract (LRT), and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is given together with an overview of the different routes of odorant excretion. Finally, perspectives for future research are discussed.
The complete passage and turnover of odorants within the human organism, beginning with the various routes of odorant uptake, followed by biotransformation and excretion are delineated in this Review. Special emphasis is placed on a comparison of the involved enzymes concerning the nasal, oral, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal metabolism of odorants and the respective functions of odorant metabolism in these body sites.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we propose a novel concept for engineered molecular communication (MC) systems inspired by animal olfaction. We focus on a multi-user scenario where several transmitters wish to ...communicate with a central receiver. We assume that each transmitter employs a unique mixture of different types of signaling molecules to represent its message and the receiver is equipped with an array comprising R different types of receptors in order to detect the emitted molecule mixtures. The design of an MC system based on orthogonal molecule-receptor pairs implies that the hardware complexity of the receiver linearly scales with the number of signaling molecule types Q (i.e., R = Q ). Natural olfaction systems avoid such high complexity by employing arrays of cross-reactive receptors, where each type of molecule activates multiple types of receptors and each type of receptor is predominantly activated by multiple types of molecules albeit with different activation strengths. For instance, the human olfactory system is believed to discriminate several thousands of chemicals using only a few hundred receptor types, i.e., Q ≫ R . Motivated by this observation, we first develop an end-to-end MC channel model that accounts for the key properties of olfaction. Subsequently, we present the proposed transmitter and receiver designs. In particular, given a set of signaling molecules, we develop algorithms that allocate molecules to different transmitters and optimize the mixture alphabet for communication. Moreover, we formulate the molecule mixture recovery as a convex compressive sensing problem which can be efficiently solved via available numerical solvers. Finally, we present a comprehensive set of simulation results to evaluate the performance of the proposed MC designs revealing interesting insights regarding the design parameters. For instance, we show that mixtures comprising few types of molecules are best suited for communication since they can be more reliably detected by the cross-reactive array than one type of molecule or mixtures of many molecule types.
Dietary aroma transfer into human milk has been studied in many scenarios, including direct transmission and biotransformation. This perspective highlights recent research that focuses on the latter, ...with examples given in relation to 1,8-cineole and garlic-derived odorants. Three future directions are discussed, comprising (a) achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the chemical and physiological basis of aroma transfer into milk via pharmacological methods, advanced analytical techniques, and ecologically valid study designs, (b) assessing the bioactivity of odorants and their metabolites present in milk that are ingested by the infant, and (c) translating the insights gained on aroma transmission in relation to taste attributes and bioactive components of the maternal diet.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
9.
Perspectives on Nasal Odorant Metabolism Research Kornbausch, Nicole; Mérignac-Lacombe, Jeanne; Neiers, Fabrice ...
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,
11/2023, Volume:
71, Issue:
44
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Olfaction is a multi-step process. At a peripheral level, nasal odorant metabolism contributes to olfaction via signal termination, variation, and regulation. We summarize current techniques used to ...investigate nasal odorant metabolism and give an outlook on future approaches, such as nasal tissue models and their potential contributions in future research directions.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Volatile organic compounds of the vehicle interior are well investigated, but only limited information is available on the odorants of the passenger cabin. To close this gap, we aimed at specifically ...elucidating the odor, as a general proof of principle, of two new cars with different seat upholstery in a controlled environment using a targeted odorant analysis. In a first step, odor profiles were evaluated by a descriptive sensory analysis. Then, potent odorants of the passenger cabins were characterized by gas chromatography‐olfactometry and ranked according to their odor potency via odor extract dilution analysis. Using this approach, 41 potent odorants were detected, and 39 odorants were successfully identified by two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry/olfactometry. In a third step, important odorants of the vehicle interior were quantified by means of internal standard addition. The most dominant odorants could be assigned to several specific substance classes comprising esters, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated ketones, rose ketones, phenolic and benzene derivatives, and pyrazines, occurring in a concentration range between 0.05 and 219 ng/L in air. Of these potent odorants, the aldehydes 2‐butylhept‐2‐enal, 2‐propyloct‐2‐enal, and (Z)‐2‐butyloct‐2‐enal are reported here for the first time as odorants in the environment of a passenger cabin.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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