Neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, how brain inflammatory factors mediate the progression of neurodegeneration is still poorly understood. ...Experimental models of PD have shed light on the understanding of this phenomenon, but the exploration of inflammation-driven models is necessary to better characterize this aspect of the disorder. The use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce a neuroinflammation-mediated neuronal loss is useful to induce reliable elimination of dopaminergic neurons. Nevertheless, how this model parallels the PD-like neuroinflammation is uncertain. In the present work, we used the direct LPS injection as a model inductor to eliminate dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in rats and reevaluated the inflammatory reaction. High-resolution 3D histological examination revealed that, although LPS induced a reliable elimination of SNpc dopaminergic neurons, it also generated a massive inflammatory response. This inflammation-mediated injury was characterized by corralling, a damaged parenchyma occupied by a vast population of lesion-associated microglia and macrophages (LAMMs) undertaking wound compaction and scar formation, surrounded by highly reactive astrocytes. LAMMs tiled the entire lesion and engaged in long-standing phagocytic activity to resolve the injury. Additionally, modeling LPS inflammation in a cell culture system helped to understand the role of phagocytosis and cytotoxicity in the initial phases of dopaminergic degeneration and indicated that LAMM-mediated toxicity and phagocytosis coexist during LPS-mediated dopaminergic elimination. However, this type of severe inflammatory-mediated injury, and subsequent resolution appear to be different from the ageing-related PD scenario where the architectural structure of the parenchyma is mostly preserved. Thus, the necessity to explore new experimental models to properly mimic the inflammatory compound observed in PD degeneration.
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•LPS-induced mesencephalic injury causes corralling of microglia/macrophages•LPS-mediated lesion in SNpc triggers microglia/macrophages tiling and honeycomb structures•Microglia/macrophages tiling contributes to promote interactions with remnant dopaminergic neurons and debris•Corralled lesion shows high phagocytic capacity of dopaminergic remains
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Integrated nutrient management is a promising way to avoid plant nutrient shortages because of the positive relationship between the bioavailability of nutrients and greater economic interest in ...their application through organic amendments and microbial application. To examine how compost, charcoal, and rhizobium influence maize development, an experiment was set up in a container. In addition to the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the soil in the allotted pots was treated with 50 ml of rhizobium, 5 tonnes of compost, and 2.5 tonnes of biochar before maize seeds were planted. A total of nine treatments (with three replicates each) were arranged in a completely randomized design for this experiment. Various agronomic, chemical, and physiological data were measured and recorded after the crop was harvested 110 days after sowing. The results showed that when biochar, compost, and rhizobium were applied together, the root fresh biomass rose by 43.4%, the root dry biomass increased by 38.3%, and the shoot length increased by 61.7%, compared to the control treatment. Chlorophyll content (41.3% higher), photosynthetic rate (58.5% higher), transpiration rate (64.4% higher), quantum yield (32.6% higher), and stomatal conductivity (25.3% higher) were all significantly improved compared to the control. Soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also improved with this treatment compared to the control. The combined use of biochar, compost, and rhizobium was more successful than any of the components used individually in boosting maize yields. Based on the findings of our study, the integration of rhizobium, biochar, and compost within a unified treatment shown a substantial enhancement in both the growth and yield of maize.
There has been a long-standing discrepancy between existing measurements of the total fusion cross section for the
17
O
+
12
C system at
E
c
.
m
.
∼
14
MeV. In order to resolve this inconsistency, ...the cross section was measured in two overlapping energy ranges using an
17
O beam and the
Encore
active target detector at Florida State University.
Encore
is a self-normalizing detector that measures a large portion of the fusion excitation function with a single beam energy. It also provides full angular coverage of the measured evaporation residues, thus ensuring a model independent measurement of the total fusion cross section. The data reported here show an oscillatory structure not previously observed in this system and agree with all previously reported measurements, resolving the long-standing discrepancy. Coupled reaction channels calculations reproduce the data except in the region of the the oscillation, which matches a similar structure seen in the
16
O
+
12
C total fusion excitation function.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
En 1770 la administración central realizó en toda España una gran encuesta para conocer el número de cofradías religiosas, sus medios económicos, actividades que realizaban, etc., con el fin de ...acabar con ciertas prácticas contrarias a sus constituciones y reducir su número. Utilizando la información de esta encuesta, se realiza aquí un estudio de las cofradías del reino de Navarra. Las advocaciones de las cofradías, los lugares donde tenían su sede, la aprobación por las autoridades eclesiásticas y civiles de que gozaban y su situación económica son analizadas, prestando especial atención a las cofradías gremiales de la ciudad de Pamplona.
An experimental protocol to study the total cross section for the 13C(d, p)14C nuclear reaction via AMS is being currently developed for deuteron energies between 1 and 4 MeV. We started a series of ...experiments in which two aluminium cathodes filled with natural-graphite (98.9% 12C, 1.1% 13C) samples were irradiated with a deuterium beam of 4 MeV in a 150° RBS configuration at Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares 6.0 Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator (ININ, Mexico). The relative concentrations of 14C/12C were subsequently analyzed using AMS at Laboratorio Nacional de Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores (LEMA, UNAM).
A variety of genetic alterations are considered hallmarks of cancer development and progression. The Ikaros gene family, encoding for key transcription factors in hematopoietic development, provides ...several examples as genetic defects in these genes are associated with the development of different types of leukemia. However, the complex patterns of expression of isoforms in Ikaros family genes has prevented their use as clinical markers. In this study, we propose the use of the expression profiles of the Ikaros isoforms to classify various hematological tumor diseases. We have standardized a quantitative PCR protocol to estimate the expression levels of the Ikaros gene exons. Our analysis reveals that these levels are associated with specific types of leukemia and we have found differences in the levels of expression relative to five interexonic Ikaros regions for all diseases studied. In conclusion, our method has allowed us to precisely discriminate between B-ALL, CLL and MM cases. Differences between the groups of lymphoid and myeloid pathologies were also identified in the same way.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 is high compared to that caused by other respiratory viruses. This article aims to define the
comorbidities associated with high mortality rates or complications that ...require ventilatory support in intensive care
units. A bibliographic search has been performed with respect to comorbidities and/or alterations in laboratory tests and
radiographic exams that have been associated with mortality, especially those described in China.
La infección por COVID-19 presenta una elevada mortalidad respecto a otros virus respiratorios. En este artículo buscamos
definir las comorbilidades que están asociadas a la elevada mortalidad o a las complicaciones que requieren mayor
soporte ventilatorio en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se ha diseñado una búsqueda bibliográfica con respecto a las
comorbilidades y/o alteraciones en los exámenes de laboratorio y los estudios radiológicos que se han asociado a la
presencia de mortalidad, especialmente en los casos descritos en China
Background
Assessing adherence to growth hormone (GH) is challenging. The Easypod™ connect device delivers pre-set doses of recombinant human GH (r-hGH) and stores a digital record of adherence that ...can be shared with healthcare provider. We assessed adherence to r-hGH delivered with Easypod™ according to the approved pediatric indications for r-hGH: growth hormone deficiency (GHD), born small for gestational age (SGA) who failed to show catch-up growth and Turner syndrome (TS).
Methods
ECOS (NCT01555528) was a multicenter (24 countries), 5-year, longitudinal, observational study, which aimed to evaluate country-specific adherence to r-hGH therapy prescribed via the Easypod™ electronic injection device. The primary endpoint was yearly adherence. Secondary endpoints were height velocity, height velocity standard deviation scores (SDS), height, height SDS and IGF-1 concentrations. Clinical and auxological data were obtained from medical records and adherence from Easypod™ logs.
Results
This study included 147 Easypod™-naïve Mexican children assessed during 3 years (mean age: 9.96 ± 3.41 years, 56.8% boys, mean height SDS at baseline: − 2.17 ± 0.97): 118 with GHD, 24 SGA and 5 with TS. A total of 105 (71.4%) patients were GH naïve. Overall median adherence was > 90% over the first year of treatment and > 80% at 3 years. Adherence was not different by r-hGH indication or between GH-naïve or experienced patients. At 1-year follow-up, mean change in height SDS was 0.57 ± 0.34, whereas mean height velocity SDS was 2.85 ± 2.51. In all, 84.7% patients had normal IGF-1 concentrations at 1-year follow-up. Adherence was associated with change in height SDS (
r
= 0.239,
p
= 0.005) and height velocity SDS (
r
= 0.194,
p
= 0.027).
Conclusion
Adherence rates with the Easypod™ device are high and maintained over time in GHD, SGA and TS Easypod™-naïve Mexican patients. High adherence is associated with better outcomes. Easypod™ assists physicians in monitoring adherence to r-hGH.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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► Guanosine protects SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative damage induced by rotenone plus oligomycin. ► Guanosine promotes neuroprotection involves modulation of A1, A2A adenosine receptors ...and BK channels activation. ► Guanosine-induced neuroprotection involves activation of the PI3K–Akt pathway. ► Guanosine promotes GSK-3β inhibition. ► Guanosine is protective via induction of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1.
Mitochondrial perturbation and oxidative stress are key factors in neuronal vulnerability in several neurodegenerative diseases or during brain ischemia. Here we have investigated the protective mechanism of action of guanosine, the guanine nucleoside, in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, subjected to mitochondrial oxidative stress. Blockade of mitochondrial complexes I and V with rotenone plus oligomycin (Rot/oligo) caused a significant decrease in cell viability and an increase in ROS production. Guanosine that the protective effect of guanosine incubated concomitantly with Rot/oligo abolished Rot/oligo-induced cell death and ROS production in a concentration dependent manner; maximum protection was achieved at the concentration of 1mM. The cytoprotective effect afforded by guanosine was abolished by adenosine A1 or A2A receptor antagonists (DPCPX or ZM241385, respectively), or by a large (big) conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK) blocker (charybdotoxin). Evaluation of signaling pathways showed that the protective effect of guanosine was not abolished by a MEK inhibitor (PD98059), by a p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580), or by a PKC inhibitor (cheleritrine). However, when blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway with LY294002, the neuroprotective effect of guanosine was abolished. Guanosine increased Akt and p-Ser-9-GSK-3β phosphorylation confirming this pathway plays a key role in guanosine’s neuroprotective effect. Guanosine induced the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. The protective effects of guanosine were prevented by heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor, SnPP. Moreover, bilirubin, an antioxidant and physiologic product of HO-1, is protective against mitochondrial oxidative stress. In conclusion, our results show that guanosine can afford protection against mitochondrial oxidative stress by a signaling pathway that implicates PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β proteins and induction of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In this work we study the low-lying excited states of12C, especially above the Hoyle state (0+, 7,654 MeV) through the use of the14N(d,α)12C reaction. The EN-Tandem at ININ delivered deuteron beams ...between 2.5 and 7.5 MeV. Typical beam intensities were 20-50 nA. Two different compounds were used to produce thin films: Si3N4 (150 nm) and of C5H5N5 (10 μm). Angular distributions of emitted α-particles were measured at each energy. The first results of the analysis are presented including quantum number assignments (energy, spin and parity) of the excited states populated.
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