Dramatically increased CO
2
concentration from several point sources is perceived to cause severe greenhouse effect towards the serious ongoing global warming with associated climate destabilization, ...inducing undesirable natural calamities, melting of glaciers, and extreme weather patterns. CO
2
capture and utilization (CCU) has received tremendous attention due to its significant role in intensifying global warming. Considering the lack of a timely review on the state-of-the-art progress of promising CCU techniques, developing an appropriate and prompt summary of such advanced techniques with a comprehensive understanding is necessary. Thus, it is imperative to provide a timely review, given the fast growth of sophisticated CO
2
capture and utilization materials and their implementation. In this work, we critically summarized and comprehensively reviewed the characteristics and performance of both liquid and solid CO
2
adsorbents with possible schemes for the improvement of their CO
2
capture ability and advances in CO
2
utilization. Their industrial applications in pre- and post-combustion CO
2
capture as well as utilization were systematically discussed and compared. With our great effort, this review would be of significant importance for academic researchers for obtaining an overall understanding of the current developments and future trends of CCU. This work is bound to benefit researchers in fields relating to CCU and facilitate the progress of significant breakthroughs in both fundamental research and commercial applications to deliver perspective views for future scientific and industrial advances in CCU.
This review covers the sustainable development of advanced improvements in CO
2
capture and utilization.
Abstract
Protein–RNA interactions are essential for controlling most aspects of RNA metabolism, including synthesis, processing, trafficking, stability and degradation. In vitro selection methods, ...such as RNAcompete and RNA Bind-n-Seq, have defined the consensus target motifs of hundreds of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). However, readily available information about the distribution features of these motifs across full transcriptomes was hitherto lacking. Here, we introduce oRNAment (o RNA motifs enrichment in transcriptomes), a database that catalogues the putative motif instances of 223 RBPs, encompassing 453 motifs, in a transcriptome-wide fashion. The database covers 525 718 complete coding and non-coding RNA species across the transcriptomes of human and four prominent model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. The unique features of oRNAment include: (i) hosting of the most comprehensive mapping of RBP motif instances to date, with 421 133 612 putative binding sites described across five species; (ii) options for the user to filter the data according to a specific threshold; (iii) a user-friendly interface and efficient back-end allowing the rapid querying of the data through multiple angles (i.e. transcript, RBP, or sequence attributes) and (iv) generation of several interactive data visualization charts describing the results of user queries. oRNAment is freely available at http://rnabiology.ircm.qc.ca/oRNAment/.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emerging class of solvents featuring some characteristics of their ionic liquid cousins - low vapor pressure, relatively wide liquid range, non-flammability ...and the ability to dissolve polar species - along with unique specificities, such as their limited toxicity and an improved biocompatibility. Among the numerous applications these solvents may find, their use as media for the ionothermal preparation and post-synthetic modification of metal- and covalent organic frameworks (MOFs and COFs) has been recently explored. This contribution aims at providing an overview of the state of the art in this area focusing on the synthetic aspects as well as on the applications of the materials and composites reported. In particular, the different roles DESs can play in the MOF/COF formation are highlighted. Indeed, while DESs act as solvents, they may also behave as structure-directing agents. Thus, one of their components or decomposition products formed under the ionothermal conditions may be present in the architectures, either as a ligand coordinated to the metal centers or in the pores of the MOFs, yielding unknown crystalline systems. Removal of the DES components from the MOF has been shown as an efficient strategy for the preparation of novel porous architectures. Furthermore, DESs can be employed for the conversion of one MOF into another. DESs show clear advantages as media for COF synthesis, such as the possibility to run reactions at lower temperature, in open-air vessels, with shortened reaction time or to elaborate COFs otherwise difficult to access and with a large variety of linkages. Beyond their solvent role, DESs can also be employed for post-synthetic modification, affording composites or hybrids benefiting from the properties of these media combined with the ones of the porous materials. Applications in catalysis for a diversity of reactions, in gas sorption or for the sensing/extraction of various analytes have been demonstrated.
The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as media for the preparation of metal- and covalent organic frameworks (MOFs and COFs) and their post-synthetic modification towards composites is reviewed.
Recently, lithium containing ceramic based high-temperature CO
2
sorbents have received tremendous attention due to their high CO
2
capture capacity, low regeneration temperatures, and relatively ...high stability. With the rapid development of these promising CO
2
capturing materials, a timely review is highly demanded. In this contribution, we critically summarize the performance of all types of lithium containing ceramics including lithium silicates, zirconates, titanates, aluminates, ferrites, cuprates, bismuthates and borates for capturing CO
2
at high temperatures. For these CO
2
sorbents, all possible schemes for improving their CO
2
capture capacity, kinetics, and cycling stability have been comprehensively reviewed. Their potential applications in high-temperature post-combustion CO
2
capture from stationary flue gases, sorption enhanced methane steaming reforming, sorption enhanced alcohol reforming, and CO oxidation coupled with subsequent CO
2
capture processes are compared and discussed. We hope this work can inspire and guide researchers from a wide range of backgrounds and help pave the way for major breakthroughs in both fundamental studies and industrial applications in this field.
Recently, lithium containing ceramic based high-temperature CO
2
sorbents have received tremendous attention due to their high CO
2
capture capacity, low regeneration temperatures, and relatively high stability.
Biomass waste was revealed to act as a promising bio‐template to modify and possibly tailor the zeolite intrinsic properties: texture, crystallinity and acidity. According to the “bio‐sourced ...secondary template (BSST)” concept, 7 types of abundant biomasses (lignin, oxidized lignin, coffee bagasse, spent tea leaves and three kinds of algae) were selected and their role was evaluated in the zeolite crystallization. As‐synthesized biomass‐assisted ZSM‐5 zeolites were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET and NH3‐TPD techniques to investigate the effects of biomass extra‐addition. The results showed that mainly surface acidic properties were impacted by the presence of biomass. Among them, spent tea leaves‐mediated ZSM‐5 (named A‐tea) exhibited a high catalytic performance in the methanol‐to‐olefins reaction (MTO), with full methanol conversion for more than 50 h at 83 % selectivity towards light olefins, probably due to its mild acidity. Besides, more acidic ZSM‐5 zeolites obtained using three algae (algaCM, algaTM and algaBB), according to the B‐method, demonstrated a methanol conversion superior to 50 % during 75, 94 and 134 h, respectively. This study led to synthesize potential catalysts exhibiting a high MTO catalytic performance, as well as providing hints for future investigations aiming to control zeolite nucleation and growth following the BSST strategy.
ZSM‐5 zeolite prepared using tea leaves outperformed in the methanol conversion reaction all as‐synthesized zeolites.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Synthetic zeolites are widely used as catalysts/carriers for many petrochemical reactions and in refining processes. These materials are usually synthesized in a powder form and must be shaped prior ...to use in industrial reactors. This review presents the state-of-the-art of the zeolite shaping technology describing the main modifications induced by the interactions between the zeolite and the binder. Additionally, a strategy is presented to overcome the diffusion limitations associated to the microporous structure of zeolites, consisting in the introduction of hierarchical porosity in the binder. Several developments in the field of hierarchical aluminas are summarized in this article, highlighting the possibility to design different ordered/disordered mesoporous and macroporous structures.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A series of lithium silicates with improved CO2 sorption capacity were successfully synthesized using SBA-15 as the silicon precursor. The influence of Li/Si ratio, calcination temperature, and ...calcination duration on the chemical composition and CO2 capture capacity of obtained lithium silicates was systematically investigated. The correlation between CO2 sorption performance and crystalline phase abundance was determined using X-ray diffraction and a normalized reference intensity ratio method. Under the optimized condition, Li-SBA15-4 prepared using Li/Si = 4 that contains mainly Li4SiO4 achieved an extremely high CO2 capture capacity of 36.3 wt % (corresponding to 99% of the theoretical value of 36.7 wt % for Li4SiO4), which is much higher than the Li4SiO4 synthesized from conventional SiO2 sources. It also showed very high cycling stability with only 1.0 wt % capacity loss after 15 cycles. Li-SBA15-10 (Li/Si = 10) that mainly contains Li8SiO6 displayed an extremely high CO2 uptake of 62.0 wt %, but its regeneration capacity was poor, with only 10.5 wt % of reversible CO2 capture capacity. The influence of CO2 concentration on the CO2 capture performance of Li-SBA15-4 and Li-SBA15-10 samples was also studied. With the decrease in CO2 concentration, relatively lower temperatures are needed for its maximum CO2 capture capacity. The CO2 sorption kinetics and mechanism for Li-SBA15-4 and Li-SBA15-10 samples were explored. Overall, we have shown that the lithium silicates synthesized from SBA-15 possessed much improved CO2 sorption performance than that attained from conventional SiO2.
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▶ 5wt% Ni based CexZr1−xO2 with C/Z mass ratios ranging from 4 to 0.25 and Ru or Rh promoted Ce0.72Zr0.28O2 catalysts were successfully synthesized. ▶ C/Z and noble metal addition ...effects were evaluated on catalyst structural properties and catalytic activity in CO2 methanation reaction. ▶ Impressive CO2 conversion and extremely high selectivity to methane (superior to 98%). ▶ Both incorporated Ni2+/Ni0 ratio optimization and noble metal addition boosted the catalyst performance. ▶ 5Ni(60–40) appeared to be the best catalytic system.
Carbon dioxide methanation was carried out over a series of Ni–CexZr1−xO2 catalysts prepared by a pseudo sol–gel method. The influence of CeO2/ZrO2 mass ratio and noble metal addition was investigated. The catalysts were subsequently characterized by means of XRD, TPR, BET, H2-TPD and SEM-EDX. The modification of structural and redox properties of these materials was evaluated in relation with their catalytic performances. All catalysts gave impressive CO2 conversion and extremely high selectivity to methane (superior to 98%). Ni2+ incorporation into the CZ structure was proved to enhance catalysts specific activity. The global performance of the studied systems depended not only on the surface of available metallic nickel but also on the composition of the support and on its modification by Ni2+ doping. As a result of these two phenomena, the Ni-based mixed oxide having a CeO2/ZrO2=60/40 exhibited the highest catalytic activity, owing to an optimal Ni2+/Ni0 ratio. Noble metal addition led to higher Ni dispersion, resulting in a raise of both activity and catalyst life-time. It did not modify the support intrinsic activity. The deactivation was shown not to be due to carbon deposits but rather to nickel particles sintering. The investigated parameters thus allowed an improvement of the previously studied 5wt% Ni–Ce0.72Zr0.28O2 system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of lignin as a sacrificial agent in ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis. Peculiar growths of ZSM-5 crystals leading to various textural ...properties were observed. Hence, the behavior in acid-catalyzed conversion of methanol into hydrocarbons (MTH) shifted from high selectivity toward olefins (>55%) to the sole formation of dimethyl ether (DME). Lignin acted as a bio-sourced secondary template (BSST), impacting the zeolite crystals’ shape and, thus, their physicochemical properties.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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