Although organic solar cells (OSCs) have delivered an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 19 %, most of them demonstrated rather limited stability. So far, there are hardly any ...effective and universal strategies to improve stability of state‐of‐the‐art OSCs. Herein, we developed a hybrid electron‐transport layer (ETL) in inverted OSCs using ZnO and a new modifying agent (NMA), and significantly improved the stability and PCEs for all the tested devices. In particular, when applied in the D18 : N3 system, its inverted OSC exhibits so far the highest PCE (18.20 %) among inverted single‐junction OSCs, demonstrating an extrapolated T80 lifetime of 7572 h (equivalent to 5 years under outdoor exposure). This is the first report with T80 over 5000 h among OSCs with over 18 % PCE. Furthermore, a high PCE of 16.12 % can be realized even in a large‐area device (1 cm2). This hybrid ETL strategy provides a strong stimulus for highly prospective commercialization of OSCs.
A new hybrid electron‐transport layer (ETL) ZnO/NMA was developed, when combined with D18 : N3, the highest power conversion efficiency (18.20 %) among inverted single‐junction organic solar cells was achieved with an operational lifetime of 5 years. The hybrid ETL approach represents an important forward step for the commercial application of OSCs.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Glycosaminoglycan-based hydrogels are widely used for cartilage repair because glycosaminoglycans are the main component of the cartilage extracellular matrix and can maintain chondrocyte functions. ...However, most of the glycosaminoglycan-based hydrogels are negatively charged and cell-repellant, and they cannot host cells or favor tissue regeneration. Inspired by mussel chemistry, we designed a polydopamine–chondroitin sulfate–polyacrylamide (PDA–CS–PAM) hydrogel with tissue adhesiveness and super mechanical properties for growth-factor-free cartilage regeneration. Thanks to the abundant reactive catechol groups on the PDA, a cartilage-specific PDA–CS complex was formed by the self-assembly of PDA and CS, and then the PDA–CS complex was homogenously incorporated into an elastic hydrogel network. This catechol-group-enriched PDA–CS complex endowed the hydrogel with good cell affinity and tissue adhesiveness to facilitate cell adhesion and tissue integration. Compared with bare CS, the PDA–CS complex in the hydrogel was more effective in exerting its functions on adhered cells to upregulate chondrogenic differentiation. Because of the synergistic effects of noncovalent interactions caused by the PDA–CS complex and covalently cross-linked PAM network, the hydrogel exhibited super resilience and toughness, meeting the mechanical requirement of cartilage repair. Collectively, this tissue-adhesive and tough PDA–CS–PAM hydrogel with good cell affinity creates a growth-factor-free and biomimetic microenvironment for chondrocyte growth and cartilage regeneration and sheds light on the development of growth-factor-free biomaterials for cartilage repair.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
493.
Circular RNAs in Human Cancer Wang, Xiong; Li, Huijun; Lu, Yanjun ...
Frontiers in oncology,
01/2021, Volume:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous single-stranded covalently closed RNAs, primarily produced from pre-mRNAs
non-canonical back-splicing. circRNAs are highly conserved, stable, and ...expressed in tissue- and development-specific pattern. circRNAs play essential roles in physiological process as well as cancer biology. By the advances of deep sequencing and bioinformatics, the number of circRNAs have increased explosively. circRNAs function as miRNA/protein sponge, protein scaffold, protein recruitment, enhancer of protein function, as well as templates for translation involved in the regulation of transcription/splicing, translation, protein degradation, and pri-miRNA processing in human cancers and contributed to the pathogenesis of cancer. Numerous circRNAs may function in diverse manners. In this review, we survey the current understanding of circRNA functions in human cancer including miRNA sponge, circRNA-protein interaction, and circRNA-encoded protein, and summarize available databases for circRNA annotation and functional prediction.
This investigation evaluated the effectiveness of biochar of different particle sizes in alleviating ammonium (NH4+) inhibition (up to 7 g-N/L) during anaerobic digestion of 6 g/L glucose. Compared ...to the control treatment without biochar addition, treatments that included biochar particles 2–5 mm, 0.5–1 mm and 75–150 μm in size reduced the methanization lag phase by 23.9%, 23.8% and 5.9%, respectively, and increased the maximum methane production rate by 47.1%, 23.5% and 44.1%, respectively. These results confirmed that biochar accelerated the initiation of methanization during anaerobic digestion under double inhibition risk from both ammonium and acids. Furthermore, fine biochar significantly promoted the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Comparative analysis on the archaeal and bacterial diversity at the early and later stages of digestion, and in the suspended, biochar loosely bound, and biochar tightly bound fractions suggested that, in suspended fractions, hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium was actively resistant to ammonium. However, acetoclastic Methanosaeta can survive at VFAs concentrations up to 60–80 mmol-C/L by improved affinity to conductive biochar, resulting in the accelerated initiation of acetate degradation. Improved methanogenesis was followed by the colonization of the biochar tightly bound fractions by Methanosarcina. The selection of appropriate biochar particles sizes was important in facilitating the initial colonization of microbial cells.
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•Biochar promoted methanogenesis facing double stresses of high ammonium and acid.•Methanosaeta was enriched around biochar particles in the early stage of digestion.•Methanosarcina dominated in the later stage of digestion in tightly bound fraction.•Fine biochar facilitated the production of organic acids.•Biochar particle size was vital for cell accessibility and subsequent performance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Electrophilic indole? Indoles, which are typically nucleophilic, can be made electrophilic through gold catalysis. By using an ortho‐azido group to deliver a nitrene intramolecularly, an arylalkyne ...is converted into a gold carbene intermediate containing an indole skeleton that is highly electrophilic at the 3‐position. A range of functionalized indoles is readily accessed by utilizing this strategy.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common syndrome that features a complex etiology and set of mechanisms. Here we summarized the molecular pathogenesis of OSA, especially the prospective mechanism ...of upper? airway dilator fatigue and the current breakthroughs. Additionally, we also introduced the molecular mechanism of OSA in terms of related studies on the main signaling pathways and epigenetics alterations, such as microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and DNA methylation. We also reviewed small molecular compounds, which are potential targets for gene regulations in the future, that are involved in the regulation of OSA. This review will be beneficial to point the way for OSA research within the next decade.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The active sites of a mixed Cu/Ce material and the doping effect of typical element (iron, Fe) on the active species and the catalytic behavior of Cu/Ce for CO preferential oxidation in rich H2 ...(CO-PROX) were investigated by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), in situ oxygen storage capacity measurement (OSC) combined with designed temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), along with Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature-programmed desorption/reduction of CO (CO-TPD/TPR). These results showed that two kinds of surface active center were involved in the CuCe- and Fe-doped CuCe systems, that is, Cu+ as adsorption sites for the chemisorption and the activation of CO molecules, the surface reactive oxygen (the highly dispersed oxygen and surface lattice oxygen) that directly participated in the whole CO oxidation process. The addition of Fe into CuCe sample resulted in the incorporation of Fe into CeO2 lattice forming Fe–O–Ce structure and generated more oxygen vacancies, which not only enhanced the interaction between Cu and Ce to form more Cu+ absorption sites but also trapped the gas-phase oxygen and promoted the release of subsurface lattice oxygen to supply more reactive oxygen. Thus, the turnover frequency (TOF) value was increased from 3.62 × 10–2 s–1 for CuCe to 4.50 × 10–2 s–1 for Fe-doped CuCe. Moreover, with the enhancement of the lattice oxygen migration combined with the promotional role of Fe on the water gas shift (WGS), the capacity of the resistance to CO2 and H2O was enhanced for Fe-doping CuCe, and the corresponding stability time was largely prolonged from 170 to 400 h, in the coexistence of CO2 and H2O.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Temperature plays a primary role in anaerobic digestion, since it shapes microbial ecosystems, and consequently regulates the stability performance of anaerobic digestion process. Although changes in ...microbial community and composition at different temperatures have also previously been discussed in some experimental studies. However, until now, this aspect of the regulation of the temperature gradient on microbial communities have not yet well been reviewed. Additionally, these previous studies did not observe the classical three-peak model regarding methane production rates owing to limitations to the temperature range and the broad gradient interval. Furthermore, some microorganisms that lived at “extreme” temperatures have been reported in some previous studies, it provides a possibility for industrial applications of anaerobic digestion in cold regions or for sanitation purposes on the basis of deciphering the mechanism of their adaption. This survey aims to shove the boundaries a little further summarizing an overview of the microbial responses to the fermentation temperature gradient in each step (including hydrolysis, acidification, and methanogenesis) of the anaerobic digestion process and investigated the mechanism of adaption to extreme temperature regimes. Overall, this review covers discussion on microorganisms’ responses to broad temperature gradient, together with mechanism to adapted extreme temperature by regulating the conformation transition of their DNA, protein, and specialized enzymes.
•Temperature regulates anaerobic digestion mainly by biological response.•Biological responses to the temperature gradient during anaerobic digestion are summarized.•Microbial growth and enzymes activities in each step are discussed.•Relative abundance of homoacetogens increases with increasing temperature.•Various strategies for extreme temperature adaptation are summarized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Federated learning is an emerging machine learning paradigm where clients train models locally and formulate a global model based on the local model updates. To identify the state-of-the-art in ...federated learning and explore how to develop federated learning systems, we perform a systematic literature review from a software engineering perspective, based on 231 primary studies. Our data synthesis covers the lifecycle of federated learning system development that includes background understanding, requirement analysis, architecture design, implementation, and evaluation. We highlight and summarise the findings from the results and identify future trends to encourage researchers to advance their current work.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
CO is a promising substrate for producing biochemicals and biofuels through mixed microbial cultures, where carboxydotrophs play a crucial role. The previous investigations of mixed microbial ...cultures focused primarily on overall community structures, but under-characterized taxa and intricate microbial interactions have not yet been precisely explicated. Here, we undertook DNA-SIP based metagenomics to profile the anaerobic CO-driven microbiomes under 95 and 35% CO atmospheres. The time-series analysis of the isotope-labeled amplicon sequencing revealed the essential roles of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria under high and low CO pressure, respectively, and Methanobacterium was the predominant archaeal genus. The functional enrichment analysis based on the isotope-labeled metagenomes suggested that the microbial cultures under high CO pressure had greater potential in expressing carboxylate metabolism and citrate cycle pathway. The genome-centric metagenomics reconstructed 24 discovered and 24 under-characterized metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), covering more than 94% of the metagenomic reads. The metabolic reconstruction of the MAGs described their potential functions in the CO-driven microbiomes. Some under-characterized taxa might be versatile in multiple processes; for example, under-characterized Rhodoplanes sp. and Desulfitobacterium_A sp. could encode the complete enzymes in CO oxidation and carboxylate production, improving functional redundancy. Finally, we proposed the putative microbial interactions in the conversion of CO to carboxylates and methane.
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NUK, SBMB, SBNM, UL, UM, UPUK
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