Even with sufficient oxygen, tumor cells use glycolysis to obtain the energy and macromolecules they require to multiply, once thought to be a characteristic of tumor cells known as the “Warburg ...effect”. In fact, throughout the process of carcinogenesis, immune cells and stromal cells, two major cellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), also undergo thorough metabolic reprogramming, which is typified by increased glycolysis. In this review, we provide a full-scale review of the glycolytic remodeling of several types of TME cells and show how these TME cells behave in the acidic milieu created by glucose shortage and lactate accumulation as a result of increased tumor glycolysis. Notably, we provide an overview of putative targets and inhibitors of glycolysis along with the viability of using glycolysis inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Understanding the glycolytic situations in diverse cells within the tumor immunological milieu will aid in the creation of subsequent treatment plans.
A novel kind of hydrochar adsorbent, modified by CuO-ZnO and derived from chitosan or starch, was synthesized for H2S adsorption. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by BET, XRD, EDX, SEM, and ...XPS. The results showed that the modified hydrochar contained many amino groups as functional groups, and the nanometer metal oxide particles had good dispersion on the surface of the hydrochar. The maximum sulfur capacity reached 28.06 mg/g-adsorbent under the optimized conditions. The amine group significantly reduced the activation energy between H2S and CuO-ZnO conducive to the rapid diffusion of H2S among the lattices. Simultaneously, cationic polyacrylamide as a steric stabilizer could change the formation process of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles, which made the particle size smaller, enabling them to react with H2S sufficiently easily. This modified hydrochar derived from both chitosan and starch could be a promising adsorbent for H2S removal.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Road's weights are vital in road network selection, as they can represent the relative importance of the roads among the road network. In the existing algorithms, three types of characteristics of ...roads, i.e. geometrical, topological and distribution characteristics, have been taken into account as the measure of roads' weights. But there are other characteristics such as traffic flow, economical value or culture value may affect the roads' importance in road networks, which are called fuzzy factors in the new algorithm because they are usually difficulty to measure by a certain value. To fill this gap, the paper propose a new algorithm take into account these fuzzy factors during road network selection. The basic idea is as follows: 1) fuzzy factors which should be taken into consideration in the process of road networks selection are proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation is made on these fuzzy factors; 2) the evaluated result is introduced into the road network selection. Experiment shows that the new algorithm taking into account the fuzzy factors not only inherits the advantages of the existing algorithm, but also considers the factors which are ignored in the existing algorithms, the selection results are more reasonable and in line with people's actual needs.
Hypoxia acts as a plant stress factor, particularly in cucumbers plants under hydroponic culture. Calcium is involved in stress signal transmission and in the growth of plants. To determine the ...effect of exogenous calcium on hypoxic-responsive proteins in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No.2) roots, proteomic analysis was performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry.
Cucumber roots were used to analyze the influence of hypoxia on plants. The expressions of 38 protein spots corresponding to enzymes were shown to change in response to hypoxia. Of these, 30 spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis). The proteins were categorized according to functional groups, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fermentative metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, energy metabolism, protein synthesis and defense against stress. Exogenous calcium appeared to alleviate hypoxic stress via these metabolic and physiological systems. Western blotting was used to analyze the accumulation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC); calcium further increased the expression of ADH and PDC under hypoxia. In addition, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess the transcript levels of differentially expressed proteins.
Exogenous calcium enhanced the expression of enzymes involved in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, fermentative metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense in plants under hypoxia. Calcium appears to induce hypoxic tolerance of cucumber seedlings. These phenomena have prompted us to further investigate the mechanisms by which cucumbers respond to exogenous calcium under hypoxia.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper addresses the performance and reliability issues as encountered by the present EV technology. The research work presented in this paper is based on an ongoing project which has a twofold ...research motivation: 1) use of wavelet analysis to determine transients in electric vehicles; and 2) application the information obtained during transient detection to address the performance and reliability concerns. The novel wavelet based transient detection unit designed and developed as part of this project is discussed in this paper. The prototype is developed on a low-cost embedded system in order to provide an economical solution. Significance of the developed transient detection unit is also illustrated in this paper by developing applications that ensure a robust and reliable drivetrain with enhanced performance. Firstly, the information gathered from the transient detection unit is used to determine in-vehicle electrical faults. Secondly, this transient detector is used to facilitate the optimization of hybrid energy storage system (battery/ultra-capacitor combination) and to ensure smooth battery operation.
Abstract Background Durable clinical gains in surgical care are frequently reliant on well-developed standardization of practices. We hypothesized that the standardization of surgical management ...would result in improved long-term survival in pancreatic cancer. Methods Seventy-seven consecutive, eligible patients representing all patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and received comprehensive, long-term postoperative care at the University of Florida were analyzed. Patients were divided into prestandardization and poststandardization groups based on the implementation of a pancreatic surgery partnership, or standardization program. Results Standardization resulted in a reduction in median length of stay (10 vs 12 days; P = .032), as well as significant gains in disease-free survival (17 vs 11 months; P = .017) and overall survival (OS; 26 vs 16 months; P = .004). The improvement in overall survival remained significant on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = .46, P = .005). Conclusions Standardization of surgical management of pancreatic cancer was associated with significant gains in long-term survival. These results suggest strongly that management of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma be standardized likely by regionalization of care at high performing oncologic surgery programs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•Enzymatic digestibility of 76.9% was achieved for DES-pretreated bamboo residues.•Changes of cellulose properties made contribute to the enzymatic digestibility.•Enzymatic digestibility linearly ...correlated to change of physicochemical property.
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a promising pretreatment for improving enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic material by altering the physicochemical properties. However, few work has been done to quantitatively analysis the physicochemical properties changes of lignocellulosic material with enzymatic digestibility. In this work, DES pretreatment with different molar ratios of choline chloride/lactic acid was carried out on bamboo residues and respective enzymatic digestibility was investigated and linearly fitted with corresponding physicochemical features changes of the pretreated bamboo residues. Results showed that enzymatic digestibility of DES-pretreated bamboo residues was enhanced with the increasing molar ratio of choline chloride/lactic acid, which was due to DES pretreatment’s ability to remove lignin and xylan, reduce the degree of polymerization of cellulose, enhance the crystallite size of cellulose, and improve cellulose accessibility. Several compelling linear correlations (R2 = 0.6–0.9) were observable between enzymatic digestibility and these changes of physicochemical properties, demonstrating how DES pretreatment improve the enzymatic digestibility.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Understanding the importance and the scanty availability of research literature on parameter estimation of line-start permanent magnet synchronous machine (LSPMSM), this paper proposes a novel and ...yet fundamental approach towards parameter estimation. Experiments have been performed on a laboratory LSPMSM based on the proposed dq axis methodology and measurements have been validated by analyzing the performance of the machine under different conditions using a developed computer program and an experimental setup. Dynamic and steady state performance analyses have been subsequently performed using the determined parameters and the results have been presented under direct online (DOL) starting and a sudden increase in load torque.
•More reasonable, efficient, and convenient pretreatment for labile analytes.•Pretreatment improved not only the sensitivity but also the stability of the analytes.•More accurate and sensitive ...quantification for analytes susceptible to environment.•Quite low LOD and LOAC ensured the trace analysis in micro amount of sample.•Successful application of UCSED–HPLC–FLD–MS/MS technique in cosmetics.
Two resin acids, abietic acid (AA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA), in cosmetics may cause allergy or toxicoderma, but remain inaccurately investigated due to their lability. In this work, an accurate, sensitive, efficient and convenient method, utilizing the ultrasonic-assisted closed in-syringe extraction and derivatization (UCSED) prior to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection (FLD) and on-line tandem mass spectra (MS/MS), has been developed. Analytes are extracted by acetonitrile (10/1, v/m) in a sealed syringe under safe condition (60°C; 15min; nitrogen atmosphere) and then in-syringe derivatized by 2-(2-(anthracen-10-yl)-1H-naphtho2,3-dimidazol-1-yl) ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate (ANITS) (8-fold, 93°C, 30min, DMF as co-solvent, K2CO3 as catalyst). In UCSED, derivatization contributes to increase both analytical sensitivity and stability of analytes. Excellent linearity (r2≥0.9991) is achieved in wide range (75–3000ng/mL (AA); 150–4500ng/mL (DHAA)). Quite low detection limits (AA: 8.2–10.8ng/mL; DHAA: 19.4–24.3ng/mL) and limits of analyte concentration (LOAC) (AA: 30.0–44.5ng/mL; DHAA: 70.9–86.7ng/mL) ensure the trace analysis. This method is applied to the analysis of cosmetic samples, including depilatory wax strip, liquid foundation, mascara, eyeliner, eyebrow pencil and lip balm. No additional purification is required and no matrix effect is observed, demonstrating obvious advantages over conventional pretreatment such as solid phase extraction (SPE). Accuracy (RE: −3.2% to 2.51%), precision (RSD: 1.29–2.84%), recovery (95.20–103.63%; 95.51–104.22%) and repeatability (<0.23%; <2.87%) are significantly improved. Furthermore, this work plays a guiding role in developing a reasonable method for labile analytes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Introduction. Restoration of upper extremity (UE) functional use remains a challenge for individuals following stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive modality ...that modulates cortical excitability and is being explored as a means to potentially ameliorate these deficits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in the presence of chronic stroke, the effects of low-frequency rTMS to the contralesional hemisphere as an adjuvant to functional task practice (FTP), to improve UE functional ability. Methods. Twenty-two individuals with chronic stroke and subsequent moderate UE deficits were randomized to receive 16 sessions (4 times/week for 4 weeks) of either real-rTMS or sham-rTMS followed by 1-hour of paretic UE FTP. Results. No differences in UE outcomes were revealed between the real-rTMS and sham-rTMS intervention groups. After adjusting for baseline differences, no differences were revealed in contralesional cortical excitability postintervention. In a secondary analysis, data pooled across both groups revealed small, but statistically significant, improvements in UE behavioral measures. Conclusions. rTMS did not augment changes in UE motor ability in this population of individuals with chronic stroke. The chronicity of our participant cohort and their degree of UE motor impairment may have contributed to inability to produce marked effects using rTMS.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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