Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted much attention as energy storage devices due to their high power density, fast charge/discharge capability, and long cycling life. The core/shell structure design ...of the electrocapacitive material is one of the effective ways to achieve large surface area and high conductivity for providing more faradaic reaction sites and accelerating the charge transfer, respectively, and therefore to enhance the electrocapacitive performance of SCs. To better understand the core/shell structure, this review paper compares the material category, morphology, and synthesis methods for the core/shell structures as well as their electrochemical performances for the corresponding SCs. The electroactive materials applied in the core/shell structure include carbon materials, conducting polymers, metals, metal hydroxides, metal oxides and metal sulfides, while zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional structures are considered for the core/shell material. This review article outlines the most commonly used methods for making the core and shell materials over the past decade (2007-2018), and points out the most efficient combination of the material categories and morphologies for the core/shell structure. By understanding the details of the core/shell materials, more efficient design regarding the choices of material category and morphology can be achieved, and therefore better electrocapacitive performance for the resulting SCs can be realized.
This review article outlines the most commonly used methods for making the core/shell structures as the active materials for supercapacitors over the past decade (2007-2018), and points out the most efficient combination of the material categories and morphologies for the core/shell structure.
The Hubble tension arises from different observations between the late-time and early Universe. We explore a new model with dark fluid, called the exponential acoustic dark energy (eADE) model, to ...relieve the Hubble tension. The eADE model gives an exponential form of the equation of state (EoS) in the acoustic dark energy, which is the first time to explore an exponential form for the EoS. In this model, the gravitational effects from the acoustic oscillations of the model can impact the CMB phenomena at the matter radiation equally epoch. We give the constraints of the eADE model by the current cosmological dataset. The comparison of the phenomena with the standard model can be shown through CMB and matter power spectra. The fitting results of our model have
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The flexible solid-state battery supercapacitor hybrid (SBS) is one of the promising energy storage devices for wearable electronic devices. Surface properties of active materials play important ...roles on electrolyte/active material interaction and energy storage ability. This work applies nickel cobalt oxide (NiCo2O4) and nickel cobalt oxide@nickel molybdenum oxide (NiCo2O4@NiMoO4) as the active material for SBS. Effects of structure-directing agents (SDA) and substrates on surface properties and energy storage abilities of active materials are investigated. SDA has less influence on active material morphology while Ni foam with higher electrical conductivity is preferable as substrate. The best energy storage ability is obtained for SBS with NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 electrode prepared using ammonium fluoride with capacity of 0.68 mAh/cm2 and the maximum energy density of 70.78 Wh/kg at 3.25 kW/kg. Excellent bending ability for the device with nearly no capacitance decay under 150° bending is attained. Capacitance retention of 80% and Coulombic efficiency of higher than 95% are achieved for SBS measured in 5000 times charging/discharging process. This work firstly relates surface property of active materials to energy storage ability of SBS. It is expected that more efficient active materials and better energy storage ability can be eventually achieved by understanding effects of synthesizing parameters.
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•NiCo2O4 and NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 were used for solid-state battery supercapacitor (SBS).•The structure-directing agent and substrate effects on surface features are studied.•A SBS with NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 made using NH4F shows the highest capacity of 0.68 mAh/cm2.•Maximum energy density of 70.78 Wh/kg at 3.25 kW/kg was also got for the best SBS.•Excellent bending ability with no capacitance decay under 150° bending was got.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Tracking fluctuations of the cortisol level is important in understanding the body's endocrine response to stress stimuli. Traditional cortisol sensing relies on centralized laboratory settings, ...while wearable cortisol sensors are limited to slow and complex assays. Here, a touch‐based non‐invasive molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for rapid, simple, and reliable stress‐free detection of sweat cortisol is described. The sensor readily measures fingertip sweat cortisol via highly selective binding to the cortisol‐imprinted electropolymerized polypyrrole coating. The MIP network is embedded with Prussian blue redox probes that offer direct electrical signaling of the binding event to realize sensitive label‐free amperometric detection. Using a highly permeable sweat‐wicking porous hydrogel, instantaneously secreted fingertip sweat can be conveniently and rapidly collected without any assistance. By eliminating time lags, such rapid (3.5 min) fingertip assay enables the capture of sharp variations in cortisol levels, compared to previous methods. Such advantages are demonstrated by tracking cortisol response in short cold‐pressor tests and throughout day‐long circadian rhythm, along with gold‐standard immunoassay validation. A stretchable epidermal MIP sensor is also described for directly tracking cortisol in exercise‐induced sweat. The rapid touch‐based cortisol sensor offers an attractive, accessible, stressless avenue for quantitative stress management.
The stress‐free detection of cortisol using natural finger sweat is reported. Using an electrodeposited molecularly imprinted polymer with an embedded Prussian blue probe for label‐free sensing and a highly permeable hydrogel for rapid natural sweat extraction from the fingertip, the sensor, in both strip and stretchable patch form factors, can detect the cortisol level in 3.5 min with a simple touch.
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A convenient, fast and selective water analysis method is highly desirable in industrial and detection processes. Here a robust microporous Zn-MOF (metal-organic framework, Zn(hpi2cf)(DMF)(H
O)) is ...assembled from a dual-emissive H
hpi2cf (5-(2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)isophthalic acid) ligand that exhibits characteristic excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). This Zn-MOF contains amphipathic micropores (<3 Å) and undergoes extremely facile single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation driven by reversible removal/uptake of coordinating water molecules simply stimulated by dry gas blowing or gentle heating at 70 °C, manifesting an excellent example of dynamic reversible coordination behaviour. The interconversion between the hydrated and dehydrated phases can turn the ligand ESIPT process on or off, resulting in sensitive two-colour photoluminescence switching over cycles. Therefore, this Zn-MOF represents an excellent PL water-sensing material, showing a fast (on the order of seconds) and highly selective response to water on a molecular level. Furthermore, paper or in situ grown ZnO-based sensing films have been fabricated and applied in humidity sensing (RH<1%), detection of traces of water (<0.05% v/v) in various organic solvents, thermal imaging and as a thermometer.
The continuous operation of wearable electronics demands reliable sources of energy, currently met through Li‐ion batteries and various energy harvesters. These solutions are being used out of ...necessity despite potential safety issues and unsustainable environmental impact. Safe and sustainable energy sources can boost the use of wearables systems in diverse applications such as health monitoring, prosthetics, and sports. In this regard, sweat‐ and sweat‐equivalent‐based studies have attracted tremendous attention through the demonstration of energy‐generating biofuel cells, promising power densities as high as 3.5 mW cm−2, storage using sweat‐electrolyte‐based supercapacitors with energy and power densities of 1.36 Wh kg−1 and 329.70 W kg−1, respectively, and sweat‐activated batteries with an impressive energy density of 67 Ah kg−1. A combination of these energy generating, and storage devices can lead to fully energy‐autonomous wearables capable of providing sustainable power in the µW to mW range, which is sufficient to operate both sensing and communication devices. Here, a comprehensive review covering these advances, addressing future challenges and potential solutions related to fully energy‐autonomous wearables is presented, with emphasis on sweat‐based energy storage and energy generation elements along with sweat‐based sensors as applications.
Sweat‐based energy harvesting and storage devices, along with the key components of sweat‐based energy autonomous wearables systems are comprehensively reviewed. Various considerations such as the power management and the sweat extraction, etc., are discussed for continuous operation of sweat‐based systems.
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Nickel cobalt sulfide is widely applied to energy storage and electrocatalysis owing to its high electrical conductivity and multiple oxidation states. This study proposes NiCo 2 S 4 and NiCo 2 O x S ...y @NiMoO 4 core–shell structures as energy storage materials and electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. A higher specific capacity of 2.22 mA h cm −2 (168.18 mA h g −1 ) at 10 mA cm −2 is obtained for the NiCo 2 O x S y @NiMoO 4 electrode which is applied as the battery-type electrode in the battery supercapacitor hybrid, but a better electrocatalytic activity is achieved for the NiCo 2 S 4 electrode with a smaller overpotential of 1.567 V RHE at 0.12 A cm −2 and a smaller Tafel slope of 86.1 mV dec −1 . The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) is larger for NiCo 2 S 4 due to the nanoparticle-assembled nanotube wall, whereas NiCo 2 O x S y @NiMoO 4 shows higher electrical conductivity owing to the presence of molybdenum. Different performances in energy storage and electrocatalysis for NiCo 2 S 4 and NiCo 2 O x S y @NiMoO 4 nanomaterials are caused by different potentials applied for driving the electrochemical reactions. This study for the first time proves that the trade-off between ECSA and electrical conductivity is important for designing nanomaterials applied in different electrochemical fields.
Hierarchical supramolecular chiral liquid‐crystalline (LC) polymer assemblies are challenging to construct in situ in a controlled manner. Now, polymerization‐induced chiral self‐assembly (PICSA) is ...reported. Hierarchical supramolecular chiral azobenzene‐containing block copolymer (Azo‐BCP) assemblies were constructed with π–π stacking interactions occurring in the layered structure of Azo smectic phases. The evolution of chirality from terminal alkyl chain to Azo mesogen building blocks and further induction of supramolecular chirality in LC BCP assemblies during PICSA is achieved. Morphologies such as spheres, worms, helical fibers, lamellae, and vesicles were observed. The morphological transition had a crucial effect on the chiral expression of Azo‐BCP assemblies. The supramolecular chirality of Azo‐BCP assemblies destroyed by 365 nm UV irradiation can be recovered by heating–cooling treatment; this dynamic reversible achiral–chiral switching can be repeated at least five times.
The PICSA concept (polymerization‐induced chiral self‐assembly) is demonstrated by constructing hierarchical supramolecular chiral azobenzene‐containing block copolymer (Azo‐BCP) assemblies in a controlled manner. The construction, dynamic reversibility, and morphological effect of supramolecular chirality in azo liquid‐crystalline assemblies are presented.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite the fast development of various energy harvesting and storage devices, their judicious integration into efficient, autonomous, and sustainable wearable systems has not been widely explored. ...Here, we introduce the concept and design principles of e-textile microgrids by demonstrating a multi-module bioenergy microgrid system. Unlike earlier hybrid wearable systems, the presented e-textile microgrid relies solely on human activity to work synergistically, harvesting biochemical and biomechanical energy using sweat-based biofuel cells and triboelectric generators, and regulating the harvested energy via supercapacitors for high-power output. Through energy budgeting, the e-textile system can efficiently power liquid crystal displays continuously or a sweat sensor-electrochromic display system in pulsed sessions, with half the booting time and triple the runtime in a 10-min exercise session. Implementing "compatible form factors, commensurate performance, and complementary functionality" design principles, the flexible, textile-based bioenergy microgrid offers attractive prospects for the design and operation of efficient, sustainable, and autonomous wearable systems.
Cuproptosis is a new cell death that depends on copper (Cu) ionophores to transport Cu into cancer cells, which induces cell death. However, existing Cu ionophores are small molecules with a short ...blood half‐life making it hard to transport enough Cu into cancer cells. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sensitive polymer (PHPM) is designed, which is used to co‐encapsulate elesclomol (ES) and Cu to form nanoparticles (NP@ESCu). After entering cancer cells, ES and Cu, triggered by excessive intracellular ROS, are readily released. ES and Cu work in a concerted way to not only kill cancer cells by cuproptosis, but also induce immune responses. In vitro, the ability of NP@ESCu to efficiently transport Cu and induce cuproptosis is investigated. In addition, the change in the transcriptomes of cancer cells treated with NP@ESCu is explored by RNA‐Seq. In vivo, NP@ESCu is found to induce cuproptosis in the mice model with subcutaneous bladder cancer, reprograming the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, NP@ESCu is further combined with anti‐programmed cell death protein ligand‐1 antibody (αPD‐L1). This study provides the first report of combining nanomedicine that can induce cuproptosis with αPD‐L1 for enhanced cancer therapy, thereby providing a novel strategy for future cancer therapy.
In article number 2212267, Nianzeng Xing, Haihua Xiao, and co‐workers provides a novel therapeutic strategy to achieve synergistic cancer immunotherapy via cuproptosis induced by ROS‐responsive nanomedicine loaded with elesclomol and copper (NP@ESCu). With this approach, the tumor microenvironment is reprogrammed, and the expression of PD‐L1 is increased, which consequently improves responsiveness of immunotherapy.
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