To get a better fused performance in the multi-focus image fusion based on a transform domain, a new multi-focus image algorithm combined with the adaptive dual-channel spiking cortical model (SCM) ...in non-subsampled shearlet (NSST) domain and the difference images is proposed in this paper. First, a basic fused image is constructed in the NSST domain by registering the source image and adaptive dual channel SCM (dual-channel SCM). Next, the focus areas of the sources input images based on the difference images between the basic fused image and the sources images are detected. In the end, the final fused image generated in this paper is realized by combining the focal regions. Because of the global coupling of the dual-SCM, the synchronization characteristics of the pulse, and the multi-resolution and direction of the NSST, the proposed algorithm can preserve the information of the source's image well and present a clear image more in line with the human visual effects. In summary, the image fusion algorithm that we have designed is superior to the most advanced algorithms.
Multi-focus image fusion plays an important role in the field of image recognition and analysis. However, current focus evaluation operators are complex and inefficiency. In this paper, a new focus ...evaluation operator based on max–min filter is proposed. In new focus measure, we use max–min filter with the help of average filter and median filter (MMAM) to evaluate the focus degree of source images. This evaluation algorithm can well measure the sharpness of different regions of the image, and the selected clear region will be more useful for human visual or machine perception. The experiment proved that MMAM can perform better than sum-of-modified-Laplacian in most of cases. Later, MMAM is used to fused multi-focus image by combined structure-driven fused regions and depth information of blurred images. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art fusion algorithms on image quality and objective fusion criteria. This paper firstly proposes the concept and computational processing of MMAM, which provides a new research direction and innovative idea for multi-focus image fusion base on filter, and MMAM can embedded into state-of-the-art fusion algorithm to achieve high quality multi-focus image fusion.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is characterized in part by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta ...(SNc). The main pathological hallmark of PD is the intraneuronal accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. Mutations in the SNCA gene (encoding α-syn) and variations in its copy number are associated with some forms of familial PD. In the present study, T-006, a new tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) derivative with recently reported anti-Alzheimer activity, is shown to significantly promote α-syn degradation in a cellular PD model. Moreover, we illustrate that T-006 inhibits the accumulation of both Triton-soluble and -insoluble forms of α-syn and protects against α-syn-induced neurotoxicity in A53T-α-syn transgenic mice. The mechanism of action of T-006 was verified by evaluation of a potential protein degradation pathway. We found that T-006 promotes α-syn degradation in a proteasome-dependent and autophagy-independent manner. We further confirmed that T-006 enhances proteasome activity by upregulating 20S proteasome subunit β5i (LMP7) protein expression. A functional study revealed that T-006 activates the PKA/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway to trigger LMP7 expression and enhance chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity. These findings indicate that T-006 is a potent proteasome activator and a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of PD and related diseases.
In order to obtain a panoramic image which is clearer, and has more layers and texture features, we propose an innovative multi-focus image fusion algorithm by combining with non-subsampled shearlet ...transform (NSST) and residual network (ResNet). First, NSST decomposes a pair of input images to produce subband coefficients of different frequencies for subsequent feature processing. Then, ResNet is applied to fuse the low frequency subband coefficients, and improved gradient sum of Laplace energy (IGSML) perform high frequency feature information processing. Finally, the inverse NSST is performed on the fused coefficients of different frequencies to obtain the final fused image. In our method, we fully consider the low frequency global features and high frequency detail information in image by using NSST. For low-frequency coefficients fusion, we can also obtain the spatial information features of low-frequency coefficient images by using ResNet, which has a deep network structure. IGSML can use different directional gradients to process high-frequency subband coefficients of different levels and directions, which is more conducive to the fusion of the coefficients. The experiment results show that the proposed method has been improved in the structural features and edge texture in the fusion images.
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-based combination therapy and gene therapy are new strategies to potentially overcome the limitations of TRAIL, however, the lack of ...efficient and low toxic vectors remains the major obstacle. In this study, we developed a hyaluronic acid (HA)-decorated polyethylenimine-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PEI-PLGA) nanoparticle (NP) system for targeted co-delivery of TRAIL plasmid (pTRAIL) and gambogic acid (GA) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy. GA was encapsulated into the core of the PEI-PLGA NPs while pTRAIL was adsorbed onto the positive NP surface via charge adsorption. The coating of HA on PEI-PLGA NPs functions as a targeting ligand by binding to CD44 receptor of TNBC cells and a shell to neutralize the excess positive charge of inner NPs. The resultant pTRAIL and GA co-loaded HA-coated PEI-PLGA NPs exhibited spherical shape (121.5 nm) and could promote the internalization of loaded cargoes into TNBC cells through the CD44-dependent endocytic pathway. The dual drug-loaded NPs significantly augmented apoptotic cell death in vitro and inhibited TNBC tumor growth in vivo. This multifunctional NP system efficiently co-delivered GA and pTRAIL, thus representing a promising strategy to treat TNBC and bringing forth a platform strategy for co-delivery of therapeutic DNA and chemotherapeutic agents in combinatorial TNBC therapy.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots hold extensive promises in biomedical applications due to their advantages of noninvasiveness, fuel‐free operation, and programmable nature. While ...effectively promised in various fields such as targeted delivery, most past investigations are mainly displayed in magnetic control of individual micro/nanorobots. Facing practical medical use, the micro/nanorobots are required for the development of swarm control in a closed‐loop control manner. This review outlines the recent developments in magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms, including their actuating fundamentals, designs, controls, and biomedical applications. The fundamental principles and interactions involved in the formation of magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms are discussed first. The recent advances in the design of artificial and biohybrid micro/nanorobot swarms, along with the control devices and methods used for swarm manipulation, are presented. Furthermore, biomedical applications that have the potential to achieve clinical application are introduced, such as imaging‐guided therapy, targeted delivery, embolization, and biofilm eradication. By addressing the potential challenges discussed toward the end of this review, magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms hold promise for clinical treatments in the future.
Magnetic actuation of micro/nanorobots swarm permits the achievement of intelligence with emergent features such as reprogrammable migration, refiguration, and translation. Recent progress toward the construction, propulsion strategy, and movement regulation of magnetic micro/nanorobots swarm is summarized. Such micro/nanorobotic swarm hold considerable promise in performing various tasks and diverse applications.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Although high CO2 and warming could act interactively on marine phytoplankton, little is known about the molecular basis for this interaction on an evolutionary scale. Here we explored the ...adaptation to high CO2 in combination with warming in a model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Whole-genome re-sequencing identifies, in comparison to populations grown under control conditions, a larger genetic diversity loss and a higher genetic differentiation in the populations adapted for 2 years to warming than in those adapted to high CO2. However, this diversity loss was less under high CO2 combined with warming, suggesting that the evolution driven by warming was constrained by high CO2. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and physiological data, we found that the underlying molecular basis for this constraint is associated with the expression of genes involved in some key metabolic pathways or biological processes, such as the glyoxylate pathway, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, and diel variability. Our results shed new light on the evolutionary responses of marine phytoplankton to multiple environmental changes in the context of global change and provide new insights into the molecular basis underpinning interactions among those multiple drivers.
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NUK, SBMB, SBNM, UL, UM, UPUK
Most previous studies investigating the interplay of ocean acidification (OA) and heavy metal on marine phytoplankton were only conducted in short-term, which may provide conservative estimates of ...the adaptive capacity of them. Here, we examined the physiological responses of long-term (~900 generations) OA-adapted and non-adapted populations of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to different concentrations of the two heavy metals Cd and Cu. Our results showed that long-term OA selected populations exhibited significantly lower growth and reduced photosynthetic activity than ambient CO2 selected populations at relatively high heavy metal levels. Those findings suggest that the adaptations to high CO2 results in an increased sensitivity of the marine diatom to toxic metal exposure. This study provides evidence for the costs and the cascading consequences associated with the adaptation of phytoplankton to elevated CO2 conditions, and improves our understanding of the complex interactions of future OA and heavy metal pollution in marine waters.
•Adaptation to OA increased marine diatom's sensitivity to heavy metals (HM).•OA-adapted cells decreased their growth and photosynthesis at high HM levels.•The increase in sensitivity is associated with reduced metabolic activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
SUMMARY
While it is known that increased dissolved CO2 concentrations and rising sea surface temperature (ocean warming) can act interactively on marine phytoplankton, the ultimate molecular ...mechanisms underlying this interaction on a long‐term evolutionary scale are relatively unexplored. Here, we performed transcriptomics and quantitative metabolomics analyses, along with a physiological trait analysis, on the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii adapted for approximately 3.5 years to warming and/or high CO2 conditions. We show that long‐term warming has more pronounced impacts than elevated CO2 on gene expression, resulting in a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The largest number of DEGs was observed in populations adapted to warming + high CO2, indicating a potential synergistic interaction between these factors. We further identified the metabolic pathways in which the DEGs function and the metabolites with significantly changed abundances. We found that ribosome biosynthesis‐related pathways were upregulated to meet the increased material and energy demands after warming or warming in combination with high CO2. This resulted in the upregulation of energy metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, photorespiration, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, as well as the associated metabolites. These metabolic changes help compensate for reduced photochemical efficiency and photosynthesis. Our study emphasizes that the upregulation of ribosome biosynthesis plays an essential role in facilitating the adaptation of phytoplankton to global ocean changes and elucidates the interactive effects of warming and high CO2 on the adaptation of marine phytoplankton in the context of global change.
Significance Statement
The up‐regulation of ribosome biosynthesis plays an essential role in facilitating the adaptations of phytoplankton to ocean global change.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
SUMMARY While it is known that increased dissolved CO 2 concentrations and rising sea surface temperature (ocean warming) can act interactively on marine phytoplankton, the ultimate molecular ...mechanisms underlying this interaction on a long‐term evolutionary scale are relatively unexplored. Here, we performed transcriptomics and quantitative metabolomics analyses, along with a physiological trait analysis, on the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii adapted for approximately 3.5 years to warming and/or high CO 2 conditions. We show that long‐term warming has more pronounced impacts than elevated CO 2 on gene expression, resulting in a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The largest number of DEGs was observed in populations adapted to warming + high CO 2 , indicating a potential synergistic interaction between these factors. We further identified the metabolic pathways in which the DEGs function and the metabolites with significantly changed abundances. We found that ribosome biosynthesis‐related pathways were upregulated to meet the increased material and energy demands after warming or warming in combination with high CO 2 . This resulted in the upregulation of energy metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, photorespiration, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, as well as the associated metabolites. These metabolic changes help compensate for reduced photochemical efficiency and photosynthesis. Our study emphasizes that the upregulation of ribosome biosynthesis plays an essential role in facilitating the adaptation of phytoplankton to global ocean changes and elucidates the interactive effects of warming and high CO 2 on the adaptation of marine phytoplankton in the context of global change.
Significance Statement The up‐regulation of ribosome biosynthesis plays an essential role in facilitating the adaptations of phytoplankton to ocean global change.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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