This study investigated the photodebromination behaviors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in methanol or methanol/water systems. The kinetics of three sets of bromated diphenyl ether (BDE) ...isomers were compared in the same reactors, and the results showed that the PBDE isomers with lower energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and higher energy of highest occupied molecular orbital will be degraded faster by ultraviolet (UV) light than other BDE isomers. The overall debromination pathways of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) were elucidated, and we found that the bromine substituents with higher Mulliken charges were preferentially removed. This demonstrated that Mulliken charges can be used to predict the photodebromination pathways of PBDEs. In methanol/water systems, when the ratio of methanol and water decreased, the degradation rate of BDE-47 decreased, whereas that of diphenyl ether increased. This phenomenon can be attributed to the mechanism of photodegradation of PBDEs gradually shifting from the reductive debromination to the undebromination process as the ratio of methanol and water decreases. The chromatogram of high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry during this process also verified this explanation. The debromination pathways of BDE-47 are consistent in methanol/water systems with different methanol to water ratios and in different organic solvents.
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•PBDEs with a narrower HOMO-LUMO gap tend to degrade faster than other BDE isomers.•Mulliken charge is a good descriptor to predict the debromination pathways of PBDEs.•The higher water content changed the degradation manner of PBDEs in methanol/water system.•The debromination pathways of BDE-47 are consistent in various solvent.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
SignificanceAn immunosuppressant protein (MTX), which facilitates virus infection by inhibiting leukotriene A
hydrolase (LTA
H) to produce the lipid chemoattractant leukotriene B
(LTB
), was ...identified and characterized from the submandibular salivary glands of the bat
. To the best of our knowledge, this is a report of an endogenous LTA
H inhibitor in animals. MTX was highly concentrated in the bat salivary glands, suggesting a mechanism for the generation of immunological privilege and immune tolerance and providing evidence of viral shedding through oral secretions. Moreover, given that the immunosuppressant MTX selectively inhibited the proinflammatory activity of LTA
H, without affecting its antiinflammatory activity, MTX might be a potential candidate for the development of antiinflammatory drugs by targeting the LTA
-LTA
H-LTB
inflammatory axis.
Highlights • Pretreatment with minocycline increased neurogenesis in the SVZ and SGZ of ketamine-exposed neonatal rats. • Minocycline pretreatment reduced cells apoptosis in SVZ and SGZ, but not ...frontal cortex of ketamine-exposed neonatal rats. • PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway involved in minocycline’s protection on ketamine-induced injury to PND7 rats. • Pretreatment with minocycline improved adult spatial learning and memory deficits induced by ketamine neonatal exposure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In view of the heat transfer problems of gap flows near the shock-wave interference region of hypersonic vehicles, a two-dimensional model of the shock generator and gap was established. By using CFD ...technology, the internal flow heat transfer characteristics with shock waves in the front, middle and back of the gap were studied. The results showed that compared to the flow fields without shock wave, the vortex structure of the flow inside the gap changes obviously when the shock wave acts on the front and middle of the gap, resulting in a sharp increase in the flow intensity and heat inside the gap. However, when the shock wave acts on the rear part of the gap, the vortex structure inside the gap does not change significantly, and the far-end wall heat flux near the gap lip decreases locally, which is beneficial to the shape protection of the thermal protection structure. The results clearly indicated that it is necessary to avoid the position where shock wave acts on the front and middle part of gap in stru
PRDM14 (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ domain-containing 14), a transcription factor, plays important roles in primordial germ cell specification and embryonic stem cell pluripotency, and supports the maintenance ...of self-renewal by promoting the expression of stem cell markers while also repressing the expression of differentiation factors. As a proto-oncogene, the ectopic expression of PRDM14 can enhance breast cell growth and reduce breast cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Conversely, knockdown of PRDM14 expression induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and restores their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we sought to identify the role of PRDM14 in 293T cells. PRDM14-infected 293T cells exhibited an abnormal morphology, and we found that ectopic expression of PRDM14 inhibits colony formation, cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition, our data indicated that PRDM14 influences the G1/S phase transition of 293T cells by inducing the expression of cell cycle regulators. In conclusion, these results showed that PRDM14 inhibits 293T cell proliferation by influencing the G1/S phase transition and impacts cell migration by regulating the level of MMP/TIMP expression, thus mediating extracellular matrix degradation.
•Exogenous PRDM14 was specifically localized to the nucleus in 293T cells.•Ectopic expression of PRDM14 inhibited 293T cell proliferation, changed clonal formation ability and cell migration ability.•PRDM14 overexpression influenced the G1/S phase transition of 293T cells through multiple parallel mechanisms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Cross-talks (e.g., host-driven iron withdrawal and microbial iron uptake between host gastrointestinal tract and commensal microbes) regulate immunotolerance and intestinal homeostasis. However, ...underlying mechanisms that regulate the cross-talks remain poorly understood. Here, we show that bacterial products up-regulate iron-transporter transferrin and transferrin acts as an immunosuppressor by interacting with cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) to inhibit pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling and induce host immunotolerance. Decreased intestinal transferrin is found in germ-free mice and human patients with ulcerative colitis, which are characterized by impaired intestinal immunotolerance. Intestinal transferrin and host immunotolerance are returned to normal when germ-free mice get normal microbial commensalism, suggesting an association between microbial commensalism, transferrin, and host immunotolerance. Mouse colitis models show that transferrin shortage impairs host's tolerogenic responses, while its supplementation promotes immunotolerance. Designed peptide blocking transferrin-CD14 interaction inhibits immunosuppressive effects of transferrin. In monkeys with idiopathic chronic diarrhea, transferrin shows comparable or even better therapeutic effects than hydrocortisone. Our findings reveal that by up-regulating host transferrin to silence PRR signaling, commensal bacteria counteract immune activation induced by themselves to shape host immunity and contribute for intestinal tolerance.
•Encapsulating models as web services online for greater accessibility.•Proposing action nodes and related logical links (node-link ensembles) to represent and organize researchers’ interactions with ...resources in the computational processes of geo-simulation experiments.•Presenting the formation of process documents to record the operation cycle of actions in computational processes.•Designing a vertex-edge model for the visualization and reimplementation of process documents.•Constructing a prototype system with one case study to illustrate the feasibility and practicality of proposed approach.
Geo-simulation experiments (GSEs) are experiments allowing the simulation and exploration of Earth’s surface (such as hydrological, geomorphological, atmospheric, biological, and social processes and their interactions) with the usage of geo-analysis models (hereafter called ‘models’). Computational processes represent the steps in GSEs where researchers employ these models to analyze data by computer, encompassing a suite of actions carried out by researchers. These processes form the crux of GSEs, as GSEs are ultimately implemented through the execution of computational processes. Recent advancements in computer technology have facilitated sharing models online to promote resource accessibility and environmental dependency rebuilding, the lack of which are two fundamental barriers to reproduction. In particular, the trend of encapsulating models as web services online is gaining traction. While such service-oriented strategies aid in the reproduction of computational processes, they often ignore the association and interaction among researchers’ actions regarding the usage of sequential resources (model-service resources and data resources); documenting these actions can help clarify the exact order and details of resource usage. Inspired by these strategies, this study explores the organization of computational processes, which can be extracted with a collection of action nodes and related logical links (node-link ensembles). The action nodes are the abstraction of the interactions between participant entities and resource elements (i.e., model-service resource elements and data resource elements), while logical links represent the logical relationships between action nodes. In addition, the representation of actions, the formation of documentation, and the reimplementation of documentation are interconnected stages in this approach. Specifically, the accurate representation of actions facilitates the correct performance of these actions; therefore, the operation of actions can be documented in a standard way, which is crucial for the successful reproduction of computational processes based on standardized documentation. A prototype system is designed to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed approach. By employing this pragmatic approach, researchers can share their computational processes in a structured and open format, allowing peer scientists to re-execute operations with initial resources and reimplement the initial computational processes of GSEs via the open web.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
There were no ideal markers to predict the development of radiation pneumonitis (RP). We want to investigate the value of variations of lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets in predicting RP after ...radiotherapy (RT) of lung cancer based on previous clinical findings. A total of 182 lung cancer patients who received RT were retrospectively analyzed. Circulating lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets were measured before, during, and after RT. Patients were evaluated from the start of RT to 6 months post‐RT. A mice model with acute radiation‐induced lung injury was established and circulating lymphocytes were measured weekly until 8 weeks after irradiation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were adopted to identify risk factors of RP. Lymphocyte levels significantly decreased (P < .001) in patients before RP symptoms developed that also was able to be seen in the mice model and the values recovered during remission of symptoms. The decrease in lymphocyte count reflected the severity of RP. Meanwhile, CD4+ T lymphocyte count was significantly lower during the occurrence of symptoms in patients with RP than in those without RP (P < .001), and it improved along with RP recovery. Levels of lymphocytes and CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets proved as independent predictors of RP. Here we showed that lower peripheral blood levels of lymphocytes and CD4+ T lymphocyte were associated with an increased risk of RP, which was validated by this mice model, and thus are associated with differences in radiation‐induced lung toxicity among individuals and help identify those who are susceptible to developing RP after RT.
We found lower levels of lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte linked with radiation pneumonitis and dynamic change of lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte predict radiation pneumonitis after 182 cases of lung cancer patients with radiation pneumonitis were retrospectively analyzed. The relation of lymphocytes change and radiation pneumonitis was also confirmed in mice model. Therefore, decrease in lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte was able to act as a predictor of radiation pneumonitis in patients who received thoracic radiotherapy.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating disease. Emerging evidence has indicated that the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype might be associated with the risk of aSAH as well as ...complications and outcomes after aSAH, although the results remain controversial.
We searched published literature on PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database to identify studies involving the ApoE genotype and aSAH. A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the relationship between ApoE genotype and aSAH, including susceptibility, complications, and prognosis.
Eighteen studies were considered eligible for inclusion. Generally, ε4 carriers had increased risk of aSAH (odds ratio OR 1.23, 95% confidence interval CI 1.01–1.49). White patients with the ε2/ε2 genotype had a greater risk of aSAH (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.13–10.11). The patients with aSAH carrying the ε4 allele had an increased risk of poor outcome (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.21–4.05) compared with non-ε4 carriers, especially in Asian patients (OR 4.99, 95% CI 1.73–14.40). ApoE ε4 carriers have increased risk of delayed ischemic neurologic deficit compared with non-ε4 carriers in the overall population. No significant difference was detected regarding the effect of certain ApoE genotypes on aSAH admission severity, rebleeding, or cerebral vasospasm after aSAH.
We found that the ApoE genotype was significantly associated with aSAH risk, whereas its effect on certain ethnic populations differs. Patient carrying the ε4 allele might have a worse outcome, whereas current evidence was insufficient to prove the association between ApoE genotypes and post-SAH complications.
•We provide the latest updates of a meta-analysis on the effects of ApoE genotype on aSAH.•We analyzed the effects of ApoE genotypes on all accessible outcomes from susceptibility to prognosis.•Some of the outcomes, such as admission severity and rebleeding, have not been analyzed before.•Subgroup analysis in our study found ethnicity had great effects on the results.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A lack of research on the association of trefoil factors (TFF) with gastric cancer and premalignant lesions (PML) in the general population is an important obstacle to the application of TFFs for ...gastric cancer screening. We aimed to analyze the association of TFFs with gastric cancer and PMLs in a general population.
We evaluated 3,986 adults residing in Wuwei, China. We collected baseline characteristics and gastric cancer risk factors, including TFFs, endoscopic diagnosis, and pathologic information. Three logistic regression models were generated to analyze the association between TFFs and gastric cancer, as well as PMLs. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to determine the strength of association.
Compared with pepsinogen (PG) and anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibody (Hp-IgG), TFFs had significant association with gastric cancer and PMLs after adjusting for biomarkers and risk factors (P < 0.05). The ORs (95% CI) for TFF1 (1.67; 1.27-2.20), TFF2 (2.66; 2.01-3.51), and TFF3 (1.32; 1.00-1.74) were larger than the ORs for PGI (0.79; 0.61-1.03), PGI/II (1.00; 0.76-1.31), and Hp-IgG (0.99; 0.73-1.35) in the gastric cancer group. In the intestinal metaplasia (IM) group, not only the TFF3 serum level was the highest, but also the OR (1.92; 1.64-2.25) was the highest.
TFFs were associated with risk of gastric cancer and PMLs.
Serum TFFs can improve the screening of high-risk populations for gastric cancer.
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