There are now over 100 000 protected areas worldwide, covering over 12% of the Earth's land surface. These areas represent one of the most significant human resource use allocations on the planet. ...The importance of protected areas is reflected in their widely accepted role as an indicator for global targets and environmental assessments. However, measuring the number and extent of protected areas only provides a unidimensional indicator of political commitment to biodiversity conservation. Data on the geographic location and spatial extent of protected areas will not provide information on a key determinant for meeting global biodiversity targets: 'effectiveness' in conserving biodiversity. Although tools are being devised to assess management effectiveness, there is no globally accepted metric. Nevertheless, the numerical, spatial and geographic attributes of protected areas can be further enhanced by investigation of the biodiversity coverage of these protected areas, using species, habitats or biogeographic classifications. This paper reviews the current global extent of protected areas in terms of geopolitical and habitat coverage, and considers their value as a global indicator of conservation action or response. The paper discusses the role of the World Database on Protected Areas and collection and quality control issues, and identifies areas for improvement, including how conservation effectiveness indicators may be included in the database to improve the value of protected areas data as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
South East Asia has the highest rate of lowland forest loss of any tropical region, with logging and deforestation for conversion to plantation agriculture being flagged as the most urgent threats. ...Detecting and mapping logging impacts on forest structure is a primary conservation concern, as these impacts feed through to changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Here, we test whether high-spatial resolution satellite remote sensing can be used to map the responses of aboveground live tree biomass (AGB), canopy leaf area index (LAI) and fractional vegetation cover (FCover) to selective logging and deforestation in Malaysian Borneo. We measured these attributes in permanent vegetation plots in rainforest and oil palm plantations across the degradation landscape of the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems project. We found significant mathematical relationships between field-measured structure and satellite-derived spectral and texture information, explaining up to 62% of variation in biophysical structure across forest and oil palm plots. These relationships held at different aggregation levels from plots to forest disturbance types and oil palms allowing us to map aboveground biomass and canopy structure across the degradation landscape. The maps reveal considerable spatial variation in the impacts of previous logging, a pattern that was less clear when considering field data alone. Up-scaled maps revealed a pronounced decline in aboveground live tree biomass with increasing disturbance, impacts which are also clearly visible in the field data even a decade after logging. Field data demonstrate a rapid recovery in forest canopy structure with the canopy recovering to pre-disturbance levels a decade after logging. Yet, up-scaled maps show that both LAI and FCover are still reduced in logged compared to primary forest stands and markedly lower in oil palm stands. While uncertainties remain, these maps can now be utilised to identify conservation win–wins, especially when combining them with ongoing biodiversity surveys and measurements of carbon sequestration, hydrological cycles and microclimate.
•Map degradation of forests in Borneo based on biophysical attributes•Linking RapidEye-derived reflectance and texture data to field measured structure•Beta-logistic regression models explained up to 62% of structure variation.•Up-scaled maps reveal high spatial variation in the impacts of previous logging.•Maps will be utilised to identify high-conservation-value forests.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A fine-grained (of the order of 250 – 500 nm), dense (5.93 g/cm
3
), strong ceramic with microhardness
Hv
= 8.2 GPa, compressive strength σ
r
= 0.4 GPa, and Young’s modulus
E
= 140 GPa was produced, ...by means of spark plasma sintering (SPS), using nickel oxide nanopowder. The resulting ceramic sample was nickel oxide NiO (73-1519) with a cubic structure, space group Fm3m (No. 225), and lattice size
a
= 4.168 Å.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We consider finite continued fractions whose elements are numbers
1
2
and 1 (the so-called
A
2-continued fractions): 1
/a
1
+1
/a
2
+
. . .
+1
/a
n
= 0;
a
1
,a
2
, . . . ,a
n
, a
i
∈
A
2
=
1
2
,
1
.
...We study the structure of the set
F
of values of all these fractions and the problem of the number of representations of numbers from the segment
1
2
;
1
by fractions of this kind. It is proved that the set
F
⊏
1
3
;
2
has a scaleinvariant structure and is dense in the segment
1
2
;
1
; the set of its elements that are greater than 1 is the set of terms of two decreasing sequences approaching 1, while the set of its elements that are smaller than
1
2
is the set of terms of two increasing sequences approaching
1
2
. The fundamental difference between the representations of numbers with the help of finite and infinite
A
2
-fractions is emphasized. The following hypothesis is formulated: every rational number from the segment
1
2
;
1
can be represented in the form of a finite
A
2
-continued fraction.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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•Gold nanoparticles on halloysite nanotube surfaces a enhance photoheating.•Simulations indicate local electric field enhancement nearby gold nanoparticles.•In vitro experiments ...reveal photohyperthermia promoted by gold nanoparticles.
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with immobilized gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were explored to enhance photoheating of aqueous media under excitation by continuous wave (CW) and nanosecond pulsed lasers with wavelengths close to the plasmonic resonance of Au-NPs. The structure and plasmonic properties of HNTs/Au-NP nanocomposites were analyzed by means of the transmission electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy. A remarkable photothermal effect with initial temperature growth of about 0.5 °C/min was observed for HNTs/Au-NPs’ aqueous suspension under relatively low excitation intensity, while the same photoexcitation of bare HNTs’ aqueous suspension did not result in any noticeable heating. In vitro experiments with Paramecium caudatum unicellular organisms have revealed a strong suppression of the cell viability after photoexcitation. While the average photoheating effect did not exceed 3–4 °C, the cell viability was decreased multifold, especially for the pulsed photoexcitation. The experimental results are explained by the spatially and temporally localized photohyperthermia in the vicinity of Au-NPs. The observed photoheating of HNTs/Au-NP nanocomposite is promising for applications in antibacterial treatment and targeted cancer therapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
This article presents a study of the frequency response of a MEMS gyroscope in a vacuum chamber. On the basis of experimental studies by the method of laser Doppler vibrometry, the ...dependences of the amplitude of oscillations of the inertial mass in the vertical plane at various pressures are obtained. The bandwidth of the MEMS sensor was also measured.As a result of the experiments, the damping factors were determined to compose a more complete mathematical model and for more accurate finite element modeling in ANSYS, and refined parameters of the electrostatic drive and the amplitude of oscillations along the axis of the drive were obtained. These studies will be useful for determining the residual degree of vacuum in the case for further frequency tuning of the device.
Abstract
Micromechanical inertia sensors - accelerometers, gyroscopes, multisensor modules and systems based on them - are widely used in navigation, for compensation of other instruments ...(accelerometers, inclinometers) or stabilization (gyroscopes). The paper presents the designed construction of a MEMS angular rate sensor with two sensitivity axes, topology of gyroscope is presented; modal and static analysis is performed using ANSYS CAD; simulation results of micromechanical gyroscope operation under the action of angular velocities using VHDL-AMS are presented.
The article describes possible reactions leading to crystallization of technogenic minerals from mine waters at the deposits of Komsomolsky, Kavalerovsky and Dalnegorsky districts of the Russian Far ...East. The Eh–pH parameters, temperature ranges, and associations of hypergene and technogenic minerals, in which they are formed are given. The studies were carried out using field observations and Selector software package.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract
This article presents the results of the design and analysis of a radio-frequency switch made using microelectromechanical systems technology. The device is the capacitive switch with a ...hybrid type of contact, in which the movable electrode of the structure – the metal membrane is part of the microwave signal line of the coplanar waveguide. The switch design is characterized by a high capacitance ratio and low contact resistance. The zig-zag elastic suspension is used to reduce the value of the pull-down voltage – 2 V and the switching time ∼ 7 us. The central resonant frequency of the switch is 3.8 GHz. In this case, in the open state, the value of the insertion loss is not more than -0.2 dB and the isolation value in the close state is not less than -55 dB. The effective frequency range is the S-band, as well as the C-, X- and Ku-band, in which the isolation value is at least -30 dB. The presented inline RF MEMS switch is suitable for use in various types of ground and satellite communications, in particular for devices and systems of 5G mobile networks.
The processes of drainage water formation during the oxidation of tailings from sulfide-containing ores at the Krashorechenskaya concentrating mill (Dalnegorsk region of the Russian Far East) to a ...depth of up to 1.5 m at 25°C have been simulated for the first time using
Selektor
software. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the resulting solutions have been determined, and crystallization of hypergene and technogenic minerals has been traced. The acidity of solutions and the concentrations of sulfide ore (As, Pb, Zn, S) and host rock elements (Ca, Mg) have been found to increase with depth. The total mineralization of the solutions increases by a factor of 2.7 and reached 1.32 g/L. The occurrence of intensive hypergene processes at all horizons has been confirmed by the crystallization of hypergene and technogenic minerals such as calcite, goethite, and fibroferrite, and the weight of the latter increased with depth. It has been shown that drainage waters of the tailings make a negative contribution to the chemical composition of the surface and ground waters of the region, which leads to their pollution.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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