Background: Butter is rich in saturated fat saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and can increase plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. ...However, compared with other dairy foods, butter is low in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) content, which encloses the fat. We hypothesized that different dairy foods may have distinct effects on plasma lipids because of a varying content of MFGM. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids and cardiometabolic risk markers are modulated by the MFGM content. Design: The study was an 8-wk, single-blind, randomized, controlled isocaloric trial with 2 parallel groups including overweight men and women (n = 57 randomly assigned). For the intervention, subjects consumed 40 g milk fat/d as either whipping cream (MFGM diet) or butter oil (control diet). Intervention foods were matched for total fat, protein, carbohydrates, and calcium. Subjects were discouraged from consuming any other dairy products during the study. Plasma markers of cholesterol absorption and hepatic cholesterol metabolism were assessed together with global gene-expression analyses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: As expected, the control diet increased plasma lipids, whereas the MFGM diet did not total cholesterol (±SD): +0.30 ± 0.49 compared with −0.04 ± 0.49 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); LDL cholesterol: +0.36 ± 0.50 compared with +0.04 ± 0.36 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I ratio: +0.03 ± 0.09 compared with −0.05 ± 0.10 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.007); and non-HDL cholesterol: +0.24 ± 0.49 compared with −0.14 ± 0.51 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.013). HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, sitosterol, lathosterol, campesterol, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 plasma concentrations and fatty acid compositions did not differ between groups. Nineteen genes were differentially regulated between groups, and these genes were mostly correlated with lipid changes. Conclusions: In contrast to milk fat without MFGM, milk fat enclosed by MFGM does not impair the lipoprotein profile. The mechanism is not clear although suppressed gene expression by MFGM correlated inversely with plasma lipids. The food matrix should be considered when evaluating cardiovascular aspects of different dairy foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01767077.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The use of cancer biomarkers to anticipate the outlines of disease has been an emerging issue, especially as cancer treatment
has made such positive steps in the last few years. Progress in the ...development of consistent malignancy markers is imminent
because advances in genomics and bioinformatics have allowed the examination of immense amounts of data. Osteopontin is a
phosphorylated glycoprotein secreted by activated macrophages, leukocytes, and activated T lymphocytes, and is present in
extracellular fluids, at sites of inflammation, and in the extracellular matrix of mineralized tissues. Several physiologic
roles have been attributed to osteopontin, i.e., in inflammation and immune function, in mineralized tissues, in vascular
tissue, and in kidney. Osteopontin interacts with a variety of cell surface receptors, including several integrins and CD44.
Binding of osteopontin to these cell surface receptors stimulates cell adhesion, migration, and specific signaling functions.
Overexpression of osteopontin has been found in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer,
stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. Moreover, osteopontin is present in elevated levels in the blood and plasma
of some patients with metastatic cancers. Therefore, suppression of the action of osteopontin may confer significant therapeutic
activity, and several strategies for bringing about this suppression have been identified. This review looks at the recent
advances in understanding the possible mechanisms by which osteopontin may contribute functionally to malignancy, particularly
in breast cancer. Furthermore, the measurement of osteopontin in the blood or tumors of patients with cancer, as a way of
providing valuable prognostic information, will be discussed based on emerging clinical data. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2007;16(6):1087–97)
Fatty acids in bovine milk fat Månsson, Helena Lindmark
Food & nutrition research,
2008, Volume:
52, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Milk fat contains approximately 400 different fatty acid, which make it the most complex of all natural fats. The milk fatty acids are derived almost equally from two sources, the feed and the ...microbial activity in the rumen of the cow and the lipids in bovine milk are mainly present in globules as an oil-in-water emulsion. Almost 70% of the fat in Swedish milk is saturated of which around 11% comprises short-chain fatty acids, almost half of which is butyric acid. Approximately 25% of the fatty acids in milk are mono-unsaturated and 2.3% are poly-unsaturated with omega-6/omega-3 ratio around 2.3. Approximately 2.7% are trans fatty acids.
Casein (CN) micelles are naturally occurring colloidal protein aggregates present in a dispersed state in milk. In this paper we aim to obtain a detailed description of physicochemical properties of ...CN micelles over the entire size distribution using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) connected to multiangle light scattering (MALS) and refractive index (RI) detection. Conclusions are drawn on the colloidal level regarding shape and conformation by comparison with models of colloidal particles. By using AsFlFFF-MALS-RI, it is concluded that the CN micelles are highly polydisperse with an average rms radius and hydrodynamic radius of 177 and 116 nm, respectively. The results show that the majority of CN micelles have a spherical shape, whereas a low concentration exists of larger and elongated aggregates. By comparison with models of aggregates of colloidal particles, the aggregates are shown to be anisotropic, e.g., aggregating linearly (threadlike) or in a sheet, rather than forming randomly spherical clusters. The results show that the characterization of colloidal dispersions with AsFlFFF-MALS-RI and the comparison with theoretical models are of a general character and, thus, of fundamental importance for colloidal dispersions.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
5.
Antioxidative factors in milk Lindmark-Månsson, H; Akesson, B
British journal of nutrition,
11/2000, Volume:
84, Issue:
S1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Lipid auto-oxidation in milk is affected by a complex interplay of pro- and antioxidants. Several of these compounds are also important nutrients in the human diet and may have other physiological ...effects in the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. Among antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide. The degradation of hydrogen peroxide can be catalysed by catalase and the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase. The latter enzyme can also degrade lipid peroxides. Lactoferrin may have an important role by binding pro-oxidative iron ions. The occurrence of different forms of these antioxidative proteins in milk and available data on their functional role are reviewed. More remains to be learnt of individual compounds and as an example the potential role of seleno compounds in milk is virtually unknown. Antioxidative vitamins in milk can provide an important contribution to the daily dietary intake. Moreover vitamin E and carotenoids act as fat-soluble antioxidants, e.g. in the milk fat globule membrane, which is regarded as a major site of auto-oxidation. Vitamin C is an important water-soluble antioxidant and interacts in a complex manner with iron and fat-soluble antioxidants. The concentrations of these compounds in milk are affected by cow feeding rations and milk storage conditions. Since milk contains a number of antioxidants many reactions are possible and the specific function of each antioxidant cannot easily be defined. There are indications that other compounds may have antioxidative function and measurement of total antioxidative capacity should be a useful tool in evaluating their relative roles.
Lactoferrin and Cancer Disease Prevention Rodrigues, Ligia; Teixeira, Jose; Schmitt, Fernando ...
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition,
03/2009, Volume:
49, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is composed of the transferrin family and is predominantly found in the products of the exocrine glands located in the gateways of the digestive, ...respiratory, and reproductive systems, suggesting a role in the non-specific defence against invading pathogens. Additionally, several physiological roles have been attributed to LF, namely regulation of iron homeostasis, host defence against infection and inflammation, regulation of cellular growth, and differentiation and protection against cancer development and metastasis. These findings have suggested LF's great potential therapeutic use in cancer disease prevention and/or treatment, namely as a chemopreventive agent. This review looks at the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the multifunctional roles of LF and future perspectives on its potential therapeutic applications.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The somatic cell count (SCC) in bovine milk is an indicator of udder health and milk quality. Individual cell populations, i.e., macrophages, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, were ...identified and their relationship to milk components such as acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A (SAA) and
α
1-acid glycoprotein), lactic acid and lactoferrin (LF), as well as protein, fat and lactose, were studied in foremilk from separate udder quarters. The whey proteins and peptides were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, which was shown in the present study to be a useful method of assessing udder health and milk quality. The growth of a starter culture was evaluated using a conductance method as a simulation of fermentation processes relevant for cheese production. The investigation showed that LF, SAA,
l-lactate and lactose are reliable indicators of milk quality on udder quarter level. The correlations between SCC, or the individual cell populations, and the potential indicators were highly significant.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The relations between cow genetics and milk composition have gained a lot of attention during the past years, however, generally only a few compositional traits have been examined. The aim of this ...study was to determine if polymorphisms in the leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR) and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) genes as well as genetic polymorphism of β-casein (β-CN), κ-CN and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) impact several bovine milk composition traits. Individual milk samples from the Swedish Red and Swedish Holstein breeds were analyzed for components in the protein, lipid, carbohydrate and mineral profiles. Cow alleles were determined on the following SNP: A1457G, A252T, A59V and C963T on the LEP gene, T945M on the LEPR gene and Nt984+8(A-G) on the DGAT1 gene. Additionally, genetic variants of β-CN, κ-CN and β-LG were determined. For both the breeds, the same tendency of minor allele frequency was found for all SNPs and protein genes, except on LEPA1457G and LEPC963T. This study indicated significant (P<0·05) associations between the studied SNPs and several compositional parameters. Protein content was influenced by LEPA1457G (G>A) and LEPC963T (T>C), whereas total Ca, ionic Ca concentration and milk pH were affected by LEPA1457G, LEPA59V, LEPC963T and LEPRT945M. However, yields of milk, protein, CN, lactose, total Ca and P were mainly affected by β-CN (A2>A1) and κ-CN (A>B>E). β-LG was mainly associated with whey protein yield and ionic Ca concentration (A>B). Thus, this study shows possibilities of using these polymorphisms as markers within genetic selection programs to improve and adjust several compositional parameters.
The food chain contributes to a substantial part of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and growing evidence points to the urgent need to reduce GHGs emissions worldwide. Among suggestions were proposals ...to alter food consumption patterns by replacing animal foods with more plant-based foods. However, the nutritional dimensions of changing consumption patterns to lower GHG emissions still remains relatively unexplored. This study is the first to estimate the composite nutrient density, expressed as percentage of Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for 21 essential nutrients, in relation to cost in GHG emissions of the production from a life cycle perspective, expressed in grams of CO
2
-equivalents, using an index called the Nutrient Density to Climate Impact (NDCI) index. The NDCI index was calculated for milk, soft drink, orange juice, beer, wine, bottled carbonated water, soy drink, and oat drink. Due to low-nutrient density, the NDCI index was 0 for carbonated water, soft drink, and beer and below 0.1 for red wine and oat drink. The NDCI index was similar for orange juice (0.28) and soy drink (0.25). Due to a very high-nutrient density, the NDCI index for milk was substantially higher (0.54) than for the other beverages. Future discussion on how changes in food consumption patterns might help avert climate change need to take both GHG emission and nutrient density of foods and beverages into account.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
