Although early Neolithic Anatolia is a key region for the development of sedentary society by modern humans, osteological studies are limited to specimens from the later period or from other regions ...such as southern Levant. We examined nearly 100 human skeletal remains from Hasankeyf Höyük, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) site in southeastern Anatolia, which were uncovered during an excavation between 2011 and 2015. A total of 124 individuals were identified as belonging to the Neolithic period. The adult/subadult ratio was close to 1:1, and the sex proportion was skewed towards an abundance in males. A few stature estimates fell within the variation range for Natufian and Neolithic peoples in the southern Levant and Anatolia. The estimated life expectancy was below 30, from 27 to 30 years old, based on age criteria related to dental wear stage. On the basis of dentognathic evidence, the skeletons exhibited heavy occlusal wear for their age, with a lot of obliquely slanted occlusal surfaces and enamel chipping. The observed oral health and dental abrasion patterns are discussed with regards to the people’s biological/behavioral adaptations to the environment, such as the nutritional quality of their diet, alimentary customs, or any indications that the teeth were used as a ‘third hand.’ The Hasankeyf Höyük people are considered to represent very early sedentary villagers in southeast Anatolia who would not have initiated the domestication of plants and animals.
As a means of contributing to discussions on regional diversity in the earliest Neolithic lifeways of the Fertile Crescent (10th millennium cal BC), this article presents an EDXRF-based sourcing ...study of 332 obsidian artifacts from the hunter-fisher-gatherer village of Hasankeyf Höyük in southeastern Anatolia. While the techno-typological choices detailed conform largely to a pre-defined Upper Tigris cultural tradition, the distinctions in raw material selection reflect the “mosaic of exploitation strategies” that have come to typify the socio-economic practices of Early Holocene communities in the larger region (southwest Asia). Five obsidian sources are represented in the analyzed sample, with Nemrut Dağ products being dominant, plus smaller amounts of Bingöl A, Bingöl B, Muş and ‘Group 3d’ obsidian. The preference for Nemrut Dağ obsidian distinguishes this village from others of the Upper Tigris. By using a GIS-based least cost-path analysis, we suggest that community-specific traditions of raw material choice were part-influenced by these hunter-fisher-gatherers’ use of rivers as their primary means of reaching the obsidian sources. The importance of the Tigris and its tributaries for transportation and cultural interaction is supported by various proxy data that lead us to argue that riverine movement and communication was an important aspect of Early Holocene lifeways in southwest Asia that has hitherto been largely ignored by archaeologists.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective
The inhabitants of several sites in the Upper Tigris Valley, such as Hakemi Use, domesticated animals and cereals during the Pottery Neolithic period, while the inhabitants in this valley ...were hunter–gatherers in the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic period, consuming freshwater and terrestrial food resources. However, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding whether or not changes in dietary food composition accompanied the shift in food production away from foraging. In order to reveal the impact of the development of agriculture on the human diet over the Pre‐Pottery and Pottery Neolithic periods in this region, we analyzed the isotopic compositions of amino acids from the farmers at the Hakemi Use Pottery Neolithic site, and compared them with those from the Pre‐Pottery hunter–gatherers in the close region.
Materials and Methods
Herein, we report the nitrogen isotopic compositions of amino acids, as well as both carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of bulk collagen, from human and faunal remains collected from Hakemi Use.
Results
Whereas freshwater resources were consumed by hunter–gatherers in this region during the Pre‐Pottery period, the δ15N values of glutamic acid (δ15NGlu) and phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) suggest that freshwater food resources were rarely consumed by inhabitants following the development of agriculture.
Discussion
Despite living in similar settings by the Tigris as its inhabitants during the Pre‐Pottery period, the farmers of the Pottery Neolithic period depended less on freshwater resources for their diets relative to the hunter–gatherers of the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic period.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A heterogeneous palladium catalyst supported on a ceramic (5 % Pd/ceramic) was developed. The catalyst exhibited a specific chemoselectivity for hydrogenation that has never been achieved by other ...palladium‐catalyzed methods. Either aliphatic or aromatic N‐Cbz groups could be deprotected to the corresponding free‐amines, while the hydrogenolysis of benzyl esters and ethers did not proceed. Furthermore, aryl chlorides and epoxides were tolerant under the Pd/ceramic‐catalyzed hydrogenation conditions. 5 % Pd/ceramic could be reused without any loss of catalyst activity, as no palladium leaching was detected in the reaction media.
A catalytic tea set: A palladium catalyst supported on a ceramic that achieves a specific selective hydrogenation among the reducible functionalities has been developed. Either aliphatic or aromatic N‐Cbz groups could be deprotected to the corresponding free‐amines, while the hydrogenolysis of benzyl esters and ethers did not proceed. The environmental and economic advantages of the catalyst were also demonstrated.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We report here the stable nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) of individual amino acids and the δ15N and δ13C content of collagen from human and faunal remains collected from Hasankeyf Höyük, an ...early Neolithic site in the upper Tigris valley. Based on the δ15N of collagen only, the contributions of freshwater resources to the diet of the hunter-gatherers were difficult to clearly identify relative to terrestrial resources. However, analysis of the nitrogen isotope composition of individual amino acids enabled the identification of minor contributions from freshwater resources to the diet in a community primarily dependent on terrestrial resources. Individual variability suggested that some individuals at Hasankeyf Höyük used freshwater resources, whereas others probably depended primarily on terrestrial food resources. The importance of freshwater resources as food for this hunter-gatherer community was variable among groups and depended on burial location and time of burial.
•A contribution of freshwater fish to Neolithic hunter-gatherer has been obscured.•δ15NPhe discriminates freshwater fish-consumer in Neolithic southeast Asia region.•Individuals consumed differing amounts of freshwater resources at Hasankeyf Höyük.•The importance of freshwater resources was variable with burial layers and buildings.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Oblivious RAM (ORAM) schemes, the concept introduced by Goldreich and Ostrovsky, are very useful technique for protecting users' privacy when storing data in remote untrusted servers and running ...software on untrusted systems. However they are usually considered impractical due to their huge overhead. In order to reduce overhead, many improvements have been presented. Thanks to these improvements, ORAM schemes can be considered practical on cloud environment where users can expect huge storage and high computational power. Especially for private information retrieval (PIR), some literatures demonstrated they are usable. Also dedicated PIRs have been proposed and shown that they are usable in practice. Yet, they are still impractical for protecting software running on untrusted systems. We first survey recent researches on ORAM and PIR. Then, we present a practical software-based memory protection scheme applicable to several environments. The main feature of our scheme is that it records the history of accesses and uses the history to hide the access pattern. We also address implementing issues of ORAM and propose practical solutions for these issues.
Triethylgallium deprotonated cyclic and acyclic ketones at 125−175 °C without forming carbonyl addition products, and the resulting gallium enolates underwent facile C-benzoylation and an aldol ...reaction. Unsymmetrical ketones were preferentially enolized at the methylene moiety, which was under kinetic control.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
When a cellular phone is lost or stolen, it may be used improperly or the personal information may be stolen from it by a malicious user. Biometric authentication such as palmprint recognition is the ...strongest of the personal authentication technologies designed to prevent such misuse. In biometric authentication, when compared with a local authentication model, a remote authentication model has several advantages such as direct authentication and authentication levels. Ito et al. proposed several palmprint recognition schemes using correspondence matching based on the phase-only correlation. However, these schemes require a palmprint image to be captured with the hand touching the dedicated device, while palmprint images must be captured without such physical contact when using cellular phones. Thus, these schemes cannot be applied to cellular phones since there are large positioning gaps and large differences in brightness and distortion between the images. Furthermore, they have not been implemented in cellular phones and their performances have not been evaluated either. In this paper, we adopt a remote authentication model from the two types of biometric authentication incorporating the above advantages and propose a remote system between a cellular phone and an authentication server. We implement the proposed system using two different types of Android terminal as the terminal on the user side. We also show the validity of the proposed system by examining and confirming the accuracy and processing time. We furthermore discuss the problem of an impersonation attack on the proposed system and consider solutions to this problem from the viewpoints of security and usability. Then, we adopt a palmprint recognition scheme as a biometric authentication scheme and, in particular, use a palmprint recognition algorithm that incorporates Yörük et al.’s preprocessing technique to Ito et al.’s and Iitsuka et al.’s schemes.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
KCipher-2 is a word-oriented stream cipher and an ISO/IEC 18033 standard. It is listed as a CRYPTREC cryptographic algorithm for Japanese governmental use. It consists of two feedback shift registers ...and a non-linear function. The size of each register in KCipher-2 is 32 bits and the non-linear function mainly applies 32-bit operations. Therefore, it can be efficiently implemented as software. SNOW-family stream ciphers are also word-oriented stream ciphers, and their high performance has already been demonstrated.We propose optimised implementations of KCipher-2 and compare their performance to that of the SNOW-family and other eSTREAM portfolios. The fastest algorithm is SNOW 2.0 and KCipher-2 is the second fastest despite the complicated irregular clocking mechanism. However, KCipher-2 is the fastest of the feasible algorithms, as SNOW 2.0 has been shown to have a security flaw. We also optimise the hardware implementation for the Virtex-5 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and show two implementations. The first implementation is a rather straightforward optimisation and achieves 16,153 Mbps with 732 slices. In the second implementation, we duplicate the non-linear function using the structural advantage of KCipher-2 and we achieve 17,354 Mbps with 813 slices. Our implementation of KCipher-2 is around three times faster than those of the SNOW-family and efficiency, which is evaluated by “Throughput/Area (Mbps/slice)”, is 3.6-times better than that of SNOW 2.0 and 8.5-times better than that of SNOW 3G. These syntheses are performed using Xilinx ISE version 12.4.
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