This article assesses current understanding of hysteresis in transport relations, and its impact on the field. The rapid changes of fluxes compared to slow changes of plasma parameters are overviewed ...for both core and edge plasmas. The modulation ECH experiment is explained, in which the heating power cycles on-and-off periodically, revealing hysteresis and fast changes in the gradient-flux relation. The key finding is that hystereses were observed simultaneously in both the the gradient-flux and gradient-fluctuation relations. Hysteresis with rapid timescale exists in the channels of energy, electron and impurity densities, and plausibly in momentum. Advanced methods of data analysis are explained. Transport hysteresis can be studied by observing the higher harmonics of temperature perturbation δTm in heating modulation experiments. The hysteresis introduces the term δTm, which depends on the harmonic number m in an algebraic manner (not exponential decay). Next, the causes of hysteresis and its fast timescale are discussed. The nonlocal-in-space coupling works here, but does not suffice. One mechanism for 'the heating heats turbulence' is that the external source S in phase space for heating has its fluctuation in turbulent plasma. This coupling can induce the direct input of heating power into fluctuations. The height of the jump in transport hysteresis is smaller for heavier hydrogen isotopes, and could be one of the origins of isotope effects on confinement. Finally, the impacts of transport hysteresis on the control system are assessed. Control systems must be designed so as to protect the system from sudden plasma loss.
This article reviewed our experience with right lobe donor hepatectomy in living donor liver transplantations (LDLT), particularly in the context of preserving donor safety.
From January 2000 to ...August 2005, we performed 206 adult LDLT operations using the right lobe. The donor characteristics, operative findings, postoperative results including the peak values of liver enzymes (aspartate transferase AST, alanine transferase ALT, and bilirubin) and regeneration volumes, as evaluated by computed tomography volumetry, were reviewed at 1 week, as well as 3 and 6 months after surgery. The effects of three risk factors on donor safety were analyzed: age (<55 years, ≥55 years): fatty change in the donor liver (<10%, ≥10%); and remnant volume (<35%, ≥35%).
The liver enzymes and regeneration volumes showed no significant difference according to age, only ALT was significant increased associated with the severity of fatty change (
P < .05). There were significant differences in postoperative AST, ALT, and regeneration volume between the group with <35% and the group with ≥35% remnant liver volume (
P < .05). Upon further analysis with combinations of two out of three risk factors, the group according to remnant volume and fatty change was meaningful. Follow-up data on donor ALT showed a return normal levels and after postoperative 3 months there was regeneration of the remnant liver to more than 70% of the whole liver preoperatively. There was no donor mortality, but postoperative complications were observed in 39 patients (39/206, 18.9%). Biliary complications were encountered in 24 patients: one bile duct injury, 22 bile leakages, and one bile duct stricture. Other complications consisted of pleural effusion (
n = 8), delayed gastric emptying (
n = 6), atelectasis (
n = 1), and hepatic encephalopathy (
n = 1).
In cases of careful donor selection, a right lobectomy can be performed safely with minimal risks when the remnant liver volume exceeds 35% of the total liver volume and shows less than 10% fatty changes.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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► Both transcript and protein levels of
Bxvap-1 increase in the pine-grown stage of
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. ► BxVap-1 is found around oesophageal glands and metacorpus in
B. ...xylophilus. ►
Bxvap-1-knockdown nematodes show reduced movement in the pine host. ► BxVap-1 is involved in
B. xylophilus invasion and migration, possibly by suppressing the pine defence mechanism.
The pinewood nematode,
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a destructive pest in several countries including Japan, China and Korea. Of three genes encoding the venom allergen-like protein in
B. xylophilus,
Bxvap-1 showed the highest transcript levels at the pine-grown propagative stage. In addition, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses using anti-BxVap-1 polyclonal antibody verified a specific increase in BxVap-1 expression levels at the pine-grown propagative stage. Using immunohistochemistry, BxVap-1 was detected around the putative oesophageal glands and metacarpus, suggesting that BxVap-1 is secreted into the host pine tree and is involved in the parasitic mechanism. To explain the parasitic role of BxVap-1, we measured the migration rate inside pine seedlings of
B. xylophilus either with or without
Bxvap-1 knockdown by RNA interference.
Bxvap-1 knockdown resulted in a significantly lower migration rate in the >6
cm region compared with the control
B. xylophilus. These results suggest that BxVap-1 is involved in
B. xylophilus migration, perhaps by suppressing the pine tree defence mechanism.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To determine the immediate and long-term therapeutic efficacies of Gufoni and head-shaking maneuvers in apogeotropic type of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo involving the horizontal semicircular ...canal (HC-BPPV), a randomized, prospective, sham-controlled study was conducted.
In 10 nationwide dizziness clinics in Korea, 157 consecutive patients (95 women, age range: 18-89 years, mean age ± SD = 59.9 ± 13.6) with apogeotropic HC-BPPV were randomized to Gufoni (n = 52), head-shaking (n = 54), or sham maneuver (n = 51). For Gufoni maneuver, patients underwent ipsilesional side-lying and upward head-turn for migration of the debris toward the vestibule. Immediate responses were determined within 1 hour after a maximum of 2 trials of each maneuver and in the following day. The patients also had weekly follow-ups for 1 month after the initial maneuver.
After a maximum of 2 maneuvers on the initial visit day, Gufoni (38/52, 73.1%) and head-shaking (33/53, 62.3%) maneuvers showed better responses than the sham maneuver (17/49, 34.7%). The cumulative therapeutic effects were also better with Gufoni (p < 0.001) and head-shaking (p = 0.026) maneuvers compared with the sham maneuver. However, therapeutic efficacies did not differ between the Gufoni and head-shaking groups in terms of both immediate (p = 0.129) and long-term (p = 0.239) outcomes.
Using a prospective randomized trial, we demonstrated that the Gufoni and head-shaking maneuvers are effective in treating apogeotropic HC-BPPV.
This study provides Class II evidence that Gufoni and head-shaking maneuvers are effective in treating apogeotropic horizontal BPPV up to 1 month after initial treatment.
NCT00810641.
•Tetracyanonickelate (II)/KOH was fabricated on nickel foam using a dip-coating method.•The novel electrode exhibited a high sensitivity of −1.6 µA ppm−1 cm−2.•The detection range of the electrode ...was from 1 to 50 ppm with high linearity.•Chlorobenzene gas was monitored during its electrochemical degradation process.
The stable molecular structure of chlorobenzene makes it difficult to detect at room temperature. In this study, potassium hydroxide and tetracyanonickelate (II) (Ni(CN)42−) fabricated nickel foam was synthesized using a dip-coating method and monitored the chlorobenzene in the gas phase. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared sample were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, dispersive energy spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The gas-sensing test showed that the presence of KOH enhanced the sensing performance of the tetracyanonickelate (II) layer. The KOH/tetracyanonickelate (II)-fabricated nickel foam showed a good response to low chlorobenzene concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 ppm with −0.0016 mA ppm−1 cm−2 sensitivity. In contrast, KOH and the tetracyanonickelate (II) separately fabricated nickel foam showed no response to chlorobenzene. The response time of the sensor was approximately 250 s. The mechanism for the enhanced sensing of tetracyanonickelate (II) was discussed. The sensor stability test confirmed the good stability of the sensor in measuring the chlorobenzene gas concentration. The developed electrochemical gas flow sensor effectively monitored the exit chlorobenzene gas during the electrochemical degradation process; the concentration was calculated using a calibration plot with 98.5% accuracy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract. Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of trunk stability exercise using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with changes in chair heights on the gait of ...stroke patients. Subjects and Methods The subjects of this study were 11 stroke patients. The intervention method was trunk stability exercise using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with different chair heights (50, 60, and 70 cm). These exercises were performed 5 times per week for 6 weeks. Gait velocity, cadence, stride length, gait cycle, and stance phase duration were used to measure gait function. Results Significant changes in gait velocity, cadence, and stride length were observed on the affected side. However, no significant changes in gait cycle and stance phase were observed on the affected side. Conclusion These results indicate that trunk stability exercise using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with change in chair heights were effective in improving gait velocity, cadence, and stride length on the affected side. However, in this study, no significant changes were observed in gait cycle and stance phase on the affected side. Therefore, various interventions for stroke patients should be investigated in further studies.
•A single step ambient temperature reductive electroscrubbing method was established for N2O removal.•Nearly 95% N2O removal efficiency was achieved by electrogenerated Ni(I).•A new valuable product ...NH3 was achieved in the electroscrubbing process.
Direct catalysis is generally proposed for nitrous oxide (N2O) abatement but catalysis is expensive, requires high temperatures, and suffers from media fouling, which limits its lifetime. In the present study, an ambient temperature electroscrubbing method was developed, coupling wet-scrubbing with an electrogenerated Ni(I) (Ni(I)(CN)43−) mediator, to enable N2O reduction in a single process stage. The initial studies of 10 ppm N2O absorption into 9 M KOH and an electrolyzed 9 M KOH solution showed no removal. However, 95% N2O removal was identified through the addition of Ni(I) to an electrolyzed 9 M KOH. A change in the oxidation/reduction potential from −850 mV to −650 mV occurred following a decrease in Ni(I) concentration from 4.6 mM to 4.0 mM, which confirmed that N2O removal was mediated by an electrocatalytic reduction (MER) pathway. Online analysis identified the reaction product to be ammonia (NH3). Increasing the feed N2O concentration increased NH3 formation, which suggests that a decrease in electrolyzed solution reactivity induced by the increased N2O load constrained the side reaction with the carrier gas. Importantly, this study outlines a new regenerable method for N2O removal to commodity product NH3 at ambient temperature that fosters process intensification, overcomes the limitations generally observed with catalysis, and permits product transformation to NH3.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Room temperature degradation of chlorobenzene by electrogenerated Ni(I) at electroscubbing.•Mediated electrochemical reduction (MER) was confirmed by Ni(I) concentration change.•Gas ...analyzers confirmed no gaseous intermediates formation.•Solution phase analysis confirm the phenoxide formation from chlorobenzene reduction.
The dehalogenation of gaseous chlorobenzene (CB) to useful intermediates at ambient temperature is desirable. In this study, gaseous CB was dehalogenated to useful intermediates using an electrochemically generated homogeneous low-valent electron mediator in an electroscrubbing column at ambient temperature. A homogenous electron mediator Ni(I)(CN)43− (Ni(I) low-valent) was generated at the cathodic half-cell using a membrane-divided electrolytic cell and quantified by oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) variations with a potentiometric titration. CB removal according to a mediated electrocatalytic reduction (MER) process, was confirmed by the change in electrogenerated Ni(I) from 4.2mM to 2.8mM during the degradation of CB. A Fourier transform infrared gas analyzer and chlorine sensor showed that 100% of 15ppm CB at a 0.2Lmin−1 flow rate had been removed by the MER process with CO2 as the gaseous product. At the same time, the phenoxide anion was found in the resulting solutions, which is a starting material in many pharmaceutical industries. The developed method and possible generation of a homogenous electron mediator on CB dehalogenation to useful intermediates at ambient temperature is a practical technology.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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